The primate social environment, brain neurochemical changes and psychopathology
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The objective of this study was to investigate and analyze the behavioral and neurochemical effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) injections at various and subsequent dosages on male Wistar rats during the neonatal period.In order to determine the behavioral and neurochemical effects of MSG, the experiment was implemented on neonatal male Wistar rats and the test was repeated for various MSG dosages. After completing the experiment, additionally, levels of dopamine, GABA, catecholamine (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) and glutamate in the brain cells of the decapitated rats were also measured using the ELISA method.Considering the results of the behavioral test, when we compared the test values of the control group with the values of the MSG-injected groups we noted that there were significant differences in the statistical figures obtained. Additionally, we found that the statistical figures of some neurochemical parameters were also significantly different when we compared the values of the MSG group with the control values.MSG injection has a clear effect on the neurochemical parameters, learning memory, and locomotor activities of rats.
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Abstract : These experiments are directed at the neurochemical systems and neuroanatomical pathways that control the activity of brain serotonergic (dorsal raphe nucleus) and noradrenergic (locus coeruleus) neurons. It seeks to answer these questions by studying single unit activity in combination %6th microiontophoresis in the awake cat during exposure to physiologically relevant conditions. Four series of studies are proposed, the first three will examine the neurochemical afferents that control the following types of activity of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons: (1) tonic, as well as state-dependent activity; (2) phasic activity evoked by various sensory stimuli; and (3) activation in response to environmental and physiological challenges (stressors) . The fourth series of studies will take results from the first three and seek to establish the nuclear site of origin of these effects by employing electrical stimulation in combination with single unit recording and microiontophoresis. This research program will provide a critical link for understanding the control of these two important neurochemical systems, and will thus help to elucidate, more broadly, their role in processes such as state-dependent changes in physiology and behavior, and arousal and attention. Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Brain, Neurochemical afferents, Single unit activity, Microiontophoresis, Glutamate, GABA, Attention, Arousal, Bioreactivity, Sleep, Behavior.
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The neurotoxic organochlorine insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) was examined in several in vitro and in vivo neurochemical systems in an attempt to identify neurochemical alterations that might be relevant to the central nervous system manifestations of chlordecone toxicity in humans. In vitro, chlordecone was a remarkably potent inhibitor of brain mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and associated Ca2+ transport (Ki congruent to 10(-7) M). At a high concentration of chlordecone (10(-5) M), destabilization of biological membranes was observed. Both of these effects appeared to contribute to inhibition of synaptosomal Ca2+ uptake, which was accompanied by a pronounced, although paradoxical, stimulation of neurotransmitter release. Studies of the disposition of [14C]chlordecone revealed that the concentrations that elicited neurochemical changes in vitro were comparable to the brain tissue chlordecone concentrations achieved with a 40 mg/kg tremorigenic dose in intact animals. However, no neurochemical correlates of chlordecone toxicity were observed in studies of dopamine and norepinephrine turnover in chlordecone-intoxicated animals. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of neurochemical assays appropriate for investigating neurotoxic agents.
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The interpretation of neurochemical studies of attention deficit disorder (ADD) with hyperactivity is complicated by the variability in diagnosis and by the limitations of single neurochemical measures--whose levels may be compensated by chronic feedback mechanisms. This article reviews previous neurochemical studies of ADD and proposes the use of single-dose neurochemical probes. Administration of a provocative agent with subsequent sequential measures of plasma levels of neurotransmitters, their metabolites, and hormones may help define the responsivity of neurochemical systems. Blood levels of drugs and neurotransmitters following single doses of methylphenidate and clonidine are studied as a strategy to explore the responsivity of dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms in ADD.
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In neuroscience, the consequences of optogenetic manipulation are often studied using in vivo electrophysiology and by observing behavioral changes induced by light stimulation in genetically targeted rodents. In contrast, reports on the in vivo neurochemical effects of optogenetic stimulation are scarce despite the improving quality of analytical techniques available to monitor biochemical compounds involved in neurotransmission. This intriguing lack of neurochemical information suggests the existence of unknown or misunderstood factors hampering the expected rise of a novel specialty putatively be termed "neurochemical optogenetics".
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Channelrhodopsin
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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