Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Fracture Among Young Adults: Longitudinal Results From the Thai Cohort Study
Susan J. JordanLynette LimJanneke Berecki‐GisolfChris BainSam‐ang SeubsmanAdrian SleighEmily Banksthe Thai Cohort Study Team
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Abstract:
Background: We investigated risk factors for fracture among young adults, particularly body mass index (BMI) and physical activity, which although associated with fracture in older populations have rarely been investigated in younger people.Methods: In 2009, 4 years after initial recruitment, 58 204 Thais aged 19 to 49 years were asked to self-report fractures incident in the preceding 4 years. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for associations of fracture incidence with baseline BMI and physical activity.Results: Very obese women had a 70% increase in fracture risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.21–2.46) as compared with women with a normal BMI. Fracture risk increased by 15% with every 5-kg/m2 increase in BMI. The effects were strongest for fractures of the lower limbs. Frequent purposeful physical activity was also associated with increased fracture risk among women (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.12–2.06 for 15 episodes/week vs none). Neither BMI nor physical activity was associated with fracture among men, although fracture risk decreased by 4% with every additional 2 hours of average sitting time per day (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99).Conclusions: The increase in obesity prevalence will likely increase fracture burden among young women but not young men. While active lifestyles have health benefits, our results highlight the importance of promoting injury prevention practices in conjunction with physical activity recommendations, particularly among women.Keywords:
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Background
Both obesity and dysmenorrhea are prevalent among women. Few population-based longitudinal studies investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and dysmenorrhea yielding mixed results, especially for obesity. This study aims to investigate the long-term association between BMI and dysmenorrhea.
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A growing number of studies indicate that shorter sleep durations could contribute to obesity in children. The objective of this article was to further examine the longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) in children by using a growth mixture modeling approach.This article used prospective data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participants included 1079 children aged 4 to 5 years (2004) followed up until age 10 to 11 years (2010). Growth mixture modeling was performed to examine the longitudinal association between sleep duration and body mass index within distinct body mass index trajectories.The results indicated 3 distinct body mass index trajectories: healthy weight, early onset obesity, and later onset obesity. Longitudinal inverse associations were evident between sleep duration and body mass index in the Early Onset Trajectory. There were some associations between sleep duration and body mass index in the other trajectories.This article provides further insight into the longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and body mass index in children. In particular, the results indicate that shorter sleep durations are primarily associated with body mass index in children with early onset obesity.
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Summary What is already known about this subject The index of body mass related to stature, (body mass index, BMI , kgm –2 ), is widely used as a proxy for percent body fat (% BF ) in cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigations. BMI does not distinguish between lean and fat mass and in children, the cross‐sectional relationship between % BF and BMI changes with age and sex. What this study adds While BMI increases linearly with age from age 8 to 12 years in both boys and girls, % BF plateaus off between 10 and 12 years. Repeated measures in children show a systematic decrease in % BF for any given BMI from age 8 to 10 to 12 years. Because changes in BMI misrepresent changes in % BF , its use as a proxy of % BF should be avoided in longitudinal studies in this age group. Background Body mass index ( BMI , kgm –2 ) is commonly used as an indicator of pediatric adiposity, but with its inability to distinguish changes in lean and fat mass, its use in longitudinal studies of children requires careful consideration. Objective To investigate the suitability of BMI as a surrogate of percent body fat (% BF ) in pediatric longitudinal investigations. Methods In this longitudinal study, healthy A ustralian children (256 girls and 278 boys) were measured at ages 8.0 (standard deviation 0.3), 10.0 and 12.0 years for height, weight and percent body fat (% BF ) by dual‐energy X ‐ray absorptiometry. Results The patterns of change in the means of % BF and BMI were different ( P < 0.001). While mean BMI increased linearly from 8 to 12 years of age, % BF did not change between 10 and 12 years. Relationships between % BF and BMI in boys and girls were curvilinear and varied with age ( P < 0.001) and gender ( P < 0.001); any given BMI corresponding with a lower % BF as a child became older. Conclusion Considering the divergence of temporal patterns of % BF and BMI between 10 and 12 years of age, employment of BMI as a proxy for % BF in absolute or age and sex standardized forms in pediatric longitudinal investigations is problematical.
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Objective Use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) with other tobacco products is growing, yet gaps in understanding transitions among SLT and other product use remain. The aim of this study is to examine cross-sectional prevalence and longitudinal pathways of SLT use among US youth (12–17 years), young adults (18–24 years) and adults 25+ (25 years and older). Design Data were drawn from the first three waves (2013–2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of US youth and adults. Respondents with data at all three waves (youth, n=11 046; young adults, n=6478; adults 25+, n=17 188) were included in longitudinal analyses. Results Young adults had the highest current SLT use compared with other age groups. Among Wave 1 (W1) past 30-day youth and young adult SLT users, most were SLT and cigarette polytobacco users compared with adults 25+, who more often used SLT exclusively. Among W1 exclusive SLT users, persistent exclusive use across all three waves was more common among adults 25+, while transitioning from exclusive SLT use to SLT polytobacco use at Wave 2 or Wave 3 was more common among youth and young adults. Among W1 SLT and cigarette polytobacco users, a common pathway was discontinuing SLT use but continuing other tobacco use. Conclusions Our results showed distinct longitudinal transitions among exclusive and SLT polytobacco users. Deeper understanding of these critical product transitions will allow for further assessment of population health impact of these products.
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Objective: A growing number of studies indicate that shorter sleep durations could contribute to obesity in children. The objective of this article was to further examine the longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) in children by using a growth mixture modeling approach. Method: This article used prospective data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participants included 1079 children aged 4 to 5 years (2004) followed up until age 10 to 11 years (2010). Growth mixture modeling was performed to examine the longitudinal association between sleep duration and body mass index within distinct body mass index trajectories. Results: The results indicated 3 distinct body mass index trajectories: healthy weight, early onset obesity, and later onset obesity. Longitudinal inverse associations were evident between sleep duration and body mass index in the Early Onset Trajectory. There were some associations between sleep duration and body mass index in the other trajectories. Conclusions: This article provides further insight into the longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and body mass index in children. In particular, the results indicate that shorter sleep durations are primarily associated with body mass index in children with early onset obesity.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND We examined the longitudinal trajectory of substance use (binge drinking, marijuana use, and cocaine use) in relation to self‐esteem from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS Generalized estimating equation models were fit using SAS to investigate changes in the relation between self‐esteem and each substance use (binge drinking, marijuana use, and cocaine use) from adolescence to young adulthood. Data were drawn from the 3 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students in the United States (N = 6504). RESULTS Self‐esteem was a significant predictor for the use of all 3 substances at 15 years of age (p s < .001). However, at age 21, self‐esteem no longer predicted binge drinking and marijuana use in the controlled model. CONCLUSIONS It appears that self‐esteem loses its protective role against substance use except cocaine use as adolescents transition to young adulthood.
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Depression during adolescence is associated with a number of negative outcomes in later life. Research has examined the longitudinal nature of adolescent depression in order to identify patterns of depressive mood, the early antecedents and later consequences. However, rich longitudinal data is needed to better address these questions. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is an intergenerational birth cohort with nine repeated assessments of depressive symptoms throughout late childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. Depressive symptoms are measured using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). Many studies have used ALSPAC to examine the longitudinal nature of depressive symptoms in combination with the wealth of early life exposure and later outcome data. This data note provides a summary of the SMFQ data, where the data are stored in ALSPAC, the characteristics and distribution of the SMFQ, and highlights some considerations for researchers wanting to use the SMFQ data in ALSPAC.
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Objective Diabetes mellitus is a common condition often associated with an ageing population. However, only few longitudinal studies in China have investigated the incidence of diabetes and identified its risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of diabetes in Chinese people aged ≥45 years using the harmonised China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data. Design A dynamic cohort study. Setting The harmonised CHARLS 2011–2018. Participants 19 988 adults aged ≥45 years. Primary outcome measure Incident diabetes from 2011 to 2018. Results The harmonised CHARLS is a representative longitudinal survey of people aged ≥45 years. Using data extracted from the harmonised CHARLS, we calculated the incidence of diabetes and used a competing risk model to determine risk factors of diabetes. In 2011–2013, 2013–2015, 2015–2018, the crude incidence of diabetes among middle-aged and older people in China was 1403.21 (1227.09 to 1604.19), 1673.22 (1485.73 to 1883.92) and 3919.83 (3646.01 to 4213.30) per 100 000 person‐years, respectively, with a significant increasing trend. There were no geographical variations in the incidence of diabetes. Age, obesity and alcohol consumption were associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes. Conclusion The incidence of diabetes increased annually, without any geographical differences. Age, obesity and alcohol consumption were found to be risk factors for incident diabetes.
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