Characterization and controlled release aloe extract of collagen protein modified cotton fiber
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Synthetic fiber
Abstract X‐ray scattering from a series of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers spun at differet speeds is analyzed to probe the morphology in the direction transverse to the fiber axis. Both the apparent crystal modulus, determined from the change in wide‐angle X‐ray scattering angle with fiber stretching, and the transverse degree of crystallinity indicate there is a substantial interfiberillar amorphous content. In the PET fiber spun at conventional speeds, only roughly one‐quarter of the fiber cross‐section is actually occupied by fibrils. The transverse crystallinity increases for fibers spun at speeds sufficient to cause crystallization in the spin line. The X‐ray moduli and fibril diameters are correspondingly larger in these high speed spun fibers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthetic fiber
Small-angle X-ray scattering
Poly ethylene
Crystal (programming language)
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The optimum process of ultrasonic treatment connected with simultaneous desizing-scouring and bleaching(SDSB)of enzyme GX-1 for cotton greige fabric is obtained on the basis of single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiment.The influences of ultrasonic treatment in SDSB process of enzymes on morphology structure,thermal performance and crystallinity of cotton fibers are analyzed through scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA.) The experiment results indicate that the optimum conditions are showed as enzyme GX-1 for 4.0 g/L,30% H2O2 for 16 mL/L,temperature for 70 ℃,time for 50 min,pH for 10-10.5,bath ratio for 1 ∶ 30,and ultrasonic power for 0.55 W/cm2.After ultrasonic treatment,the cotton fiber cell walls appear cracks and fibrous fibrillation,and the cotton fiber crystallinity decreases slightly,and the thermal stability declines.
Thermal Stability
Thermogravimetric analysis
Gravimetric analysis
Morphology
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The poly[hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate](PHBV) with a low hydroxyvalerate(HV) content(2 mol%) was modified by blending with PHBV with a high HV content in solution.The morphology and mechanical properties of the as-spun fiber by dry spinning was determined by scanning electron microscope(SEM),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),X-ray diffration(XRD),and tensile measurements.The results showed that there were a few of flute-like lines parallel to the fiber axis on the surface of the as-spun fiber.With the increasing weight fraction of the high HV content blended,the melting temperature of the PHBV as-spun fibers decreased,the degree of crystallinity increased,the tensile strength and elongation tended increased.After aging at room temperature for at least 24 h,the elongation at break of the as-spun fibers was still more than 300 %.The as-spun fibers provided a good basis for post-processing.
Elongation
Morphology
Melt spinning
Mass fraction
Tensile testing
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Fibers of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) were prepared with the gel fiber drawing method, and the solvent and extraction solvent used were a general kerosene and gasoline, respectively. The thermal behaviors and mechanical properties of the fiber were studied using thermal analysis, a wide-angle X-ray diffractiometer, density, the sound orientation factor, as well as mechanical property measurement. The results showed that the morphology of macromolecular chains was changed from the folded state to an extendedcain structure with increasing of the drawing ratio. In addition, the crystal form of the fiber also changed. These changes were more evident while the drawing ratio exceeded 20. The tensile strength, similar to the modulus of the fibers, increases with an increasing draw ratio in the range that we researched, whereas the sonic velocity orientation factor and the degree of crystallinity increase slowly when the draw ratio is over 30. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthetic fiber
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A graphic multiple peak resolution method by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) pattern was described and used to estimate the interplanar spacings, crystallinities, and crystalline sizes of eight poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers. The values for interplanar spacings of Dacron 54 suggested that the unit cell model by Daubeny et al. was appropriate for Dacron fibers. In general, crystallinities of the eight PET fibers ranged from 44.7% for Dacron 54 to 62% for Dacron 56 with the copolymers in between. Crystallinity by density measurements was determined and compared to that by WAXS in both fabric and ground fiber forms. Crystallinity values for each fiber derived by these three methods were different. For each fiber, crystallinity was lowest by WAXS in the ground fiber form, followed by the density measurement and WAXS in the fabric form.
Poly ethylene
Synthetic fiber
Small-angle X-ray scattering
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The amount and chemical states of fiber surface elements were measured for PAN and fibers in pre-oxidation and carbonization by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show: there is amount of silicon in PAN fiber surface; volatile low molecular weight compounds are removed from PAN fiber surface and the chemical states of O, N, Si are not changed in pre-oxidation; there are various chemical states of C, O, N, Si in carbonization; and a number of oxygen-containing functional groups on carbon fiber surface.
Chemical state
Synthetic fiber
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S_2O_8~(2-)/AI-Zn-Ce-O solid acid catalysts were synthesized by sol-gel.The structures and properties of the catalyst were characterized by means of infrared spectrum(IR),X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry(TG/DSC) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The catalytic activities and reusabilities for the synthesis of n-butyl acetate from acetic acid and n-butanol were investigated.Compared with S_2O_8~(2-)/AI-Zn-O solid acid catalyst, S_2O_8~(2-)/AI-Zn-Ce-O solid acid catalyst exhibited better stability with above 94%esterification efficiency even after being used repeatedly for five times.
Thermogravimetric analysis
Powder Diffraction
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The present paper investigates the preparation of hydroxyapatite and Cobalt (Co) apatite totally and half substituted through a chemical synthesis process. The synthesized powders were characterized by the following analytical techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We have successfully prepared nano-Hap particles with various shapes by controlling pH and preparation temperature in the precipitation method. The HAp prepared in various conditions. It illustrates that the pH value, preparation temperature and component ratio play an important role in controlling the shape of the synthesized particles. It is interesting that those parameters have insignificant effect on size of the particles. The peak profiles of the XRD patterns may indicate that the crystallinity of the particles varies with the pH value and temperature. For examples, the particles prepared over the pH-9 solution at 60°C have high crystallinity than the particles prepared below pH- 9 solution. XRD analyses results showed that the crystallinity increase with increase the component ratio of cobalt. The antibacterial activity of these complexes against Gram positive and Gram negative has also been studied. Keywords: Hydroxyapatite; Cobalt. FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction(XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Coprecipitation
Powder Diffraction
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Five kinds of chitosan films were prepared in order to study the antibacterial activities against E. coli and St. aureus. Film (1) was prepared by casting of an acetic acid salt of chitosan solution. Films (3) were prepared from film (1) by swelling treatment with aqueous NaOH solutions, and subsequent crosslinking with epichlorohydrin at 85°C for 2 h. Films (4) were prepared from films (3) by treating with a 5% aqueous acetic acid solution. Films (2) and (5) were prepared from film (1) and films (4) by treating with aqueous NaOH solutions, respectively. Film (1) and films (4) indicated antibacterial activities against E. coli and St. aureus. However, films (2), (3) and (5) did not show any antibacterial activities. Film (1) showed a higher antibacterial activity against E. coli and St. aureus than films (4). These results suggest that the antibacterial activities of the films (1) and (4) are dependent on their abilities of the formation of acetic acid salt and also on their structures of acetic acid salt. By the treatment with an aqueous acetic acid solution, the antibacterial activities of films (4) were revealed without a remarkable decrease in the activity after several cyclic treatments with an aqueous NaOH solution and with an aqueous acetic acid solution.
Epichlorohydrin
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Abstract Interaction of titanium chloride with a cellulose surface and the decurrent modifications introduced on its morphology were studied by scanning, electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The chemical analysis of the surface was carried by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and changes in the crystallinity upon chemical treatment was determinded by the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Interaction of titanium with cellulose occurs only at the surface and a decrease of its crystallinity was observed with the amount of metal oxide incorporated into the solid matrix. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Titanium oxide
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Titanium Dioxide
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