Temperature effects on early development and biochemical dynamics of a marine fish, Inimicus japonicus
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Hatching synchrony is wide-spread amongst egg-laying species and is thought to enhance offspring survival, notably by diluting predation risks. Turtle and snake eggs were shown to achieve synchronous hatching by altering development rates (where less advanced eggs may accelerate development) or by hatching prematurely (where underdeveloped embryos hatch concurrently with full-term embryos). In Natricine snakes, smaller eggs tend to slow down metabolism throughout incubation in order to hatch synchronously with larger eggs. To explore the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon we experimentally manipulated six clutches, where half of the eggs were reduced in mass by removing 7.2% of yolk, and half were used as the control. The former experienced higher heart rates throughout the incubation period, hatched earlier and produced smaller hatchlings than the latter. This study supports the idea that developmental rates are related to egg mass in snake eggs and demonstrates that the relationship can be influenced by removing yolk after egg-laying. The shift in heart rates however occurred in the opposite direction to expected, with higher heart rates in yolk-removed eggs resulting in earlier hatching rather than lower heart rates resulting in synchronous hatching, warranting further research on the topic.
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This study aimed at investigating the effects of three incubation temperatures during the hatching period on egg weight loss, hatchability, chick weight at hatching and length of the incubation period of red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) under artificial incubation. One hundred and fifty eggs obtained from a red-legged partridge game farm were randomly allocated to three batches of 50 eggs each. Eggs were incubated at 37.8ºC during the first 20 days, and subsequently at 37.0, 37.4 or 37.8ºC until hatching. Fertility was 74.7% and a good hatching performance was obtained, characterized by 85.7% hatchability, 9.1% egg weight loss after 20 days of incubation, 13.8±0.1 g chick weight at hatching, and 23.2±0.1 days incubation length. Hatchability, egg weight loss after 20 days of incubation, and length of the incubation period were not affected by incubation temperature during the hatching period. However, hatching synchrony improved when the incubation temperature was increased from 37.0 to 37.8°C (p<0.05). Thus, hatching distribution became very leptokurtic and very positively skewed with the increase in incubation temperature during the hatching phase. In conclusion, higher hatching synchrony can be achieved in A. rufa when setting temperatures within the range 37.0 to 37.8ºC to incubate eggs during the hatching period. Consequently, incubation temperature management during the hatching phase may have a direct impact on hatching synchrony and hatchling management.
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Egg loss from ovigerous females has hampered larval culture experiments for life history studies of the coconut crab Birgus latro. We conducted two preliminary experiments to develop a method to artificially incubate and hatch embryos separated from the mother: 1) manipulation of incubation duration in a pseudo-terrestrial environment and 2) manipulation of incubation temperature. In experiment 1, we incubated embryos on medical gauze moistened with seawater for 7 or 17 days at 27–28°C before incubation by immersion in seawater (27–28°C), or we continuously incubated them in seawater only. In experiment 2, we similarly incubated embryos on medical gauze until 1–2 days before hatching at 21–22°C, 24.5–25.5°C, or 27–28°C before incubation in seawater (27–28°C). Successful hatching occurred, but embryos did not hatch synchronously, and hatching continued for approximately a week. Incubating embryos in seawater continuously led to the highest hatching rates of morphologically normal zoeae; however, hatching rates of normal zoeae did not exceed 50%. Increased incubation temperature reduced the incubation duration until hatching. Zoeae could metamorphose into megalopae, but survival rates were generally low. Further studies are required to improve the hatching rate of viable larvae under artificial conditions.
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Embryonated egg is an ideal, environment in which to investigate the effects of incubation temperature on the development of the chick embryo. The objective of the current study were to investigate the effect of increasing the incubation temperature of chick embryo by 1.2 degrees C for 7 days (ED4 to ED11) on the body movement and mass of native saudi chick embryo. This objective was extended to examine the influence of pre-hatching temperature on post-hatching growth. Therefore, a total of 180 hatching egg of native Saudi chicken divided into two equal groups incubated at temperature 37.5 degrees C. The incubation temperature was raised to 38.7 degrees C from ED4 to ED11 in treated group before being returned to the control group incubation temperature (37.5 degrees C). The study revealed that elevating the incubation temperature of the eggs of native Saudi chicken by just 1.2 degrees C, from 37.5 to 38.7 degrees C, during embryonic days (ED) 4-11 causes significant increase in embryonic movement as demonstrated in day 8 in the chicks incubated at 38.7 degrees C together with an increase in embryonic development, the embryos incubated at higher temperature were heavier in weights and exhibit significantly longer legs than the controls in ED12 and 15. The increase in pre-hatching incubation temperature (38.7 degrees C) did not reveal any significant effects on post-hatching growth or of feed conversion efficiency.
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Hatching synchrony is a desirable trait in the artificial incubation of eggs because it permits the simultaneous extraction of all the chicks from the hatcher, thus minimizing extraction queues. This study aimed at evaluating the effects on egg performance, incubation length, and hatching synchrony of different sibling contact regimes during the incubation in red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) eggs. To achieve these objectives, 196 eggs were arranged in four treatments according to the sibling eggs contact regime: (a) eggs without contact during the whole incubation process; (b) eggs in contact during the incubation phase (from day 1 to 20 of incubation); (c) eggs in contact during the hatching phase (from day 20 of incubation to hatching); (d) eggs in permanent contact throughout the incubation process (from day 1 of incubation to hatching). Development stage at embryonic mortality, hatchability, and egg weight loss during incubation were not affected, but incubation length was shortened and hatching synchrony was increased in eggs in contact during the hatching phase. The main conclusion was that keeping red-legged partridge eggs in close contact during the hatching stage in the artificial incubation does not affect hatchability but allows hatching synchrony to be maximized, facilitating the handling of 1 day old chicks.
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This study deals with the effects of different hatcher temperatures on hatching traits in modern commercial broiler eggs during the last five days of incubation. The hatching eggs were obtained from a 52-wk old (Ross 308) flock. All eggs were distributed randomly into one incubator and incubated for 17 d using uniform conditions (37.6 ± 0.5 °C and 58% relative humidity). At the start of 18th days of incubation, the eggs were randomly distributed to four experimental hatching cabinets. The temperatures were set in the cabinets at 36.1, 37.2, 38.3 and 39.4 °C from 17 d of incubation until hatch. Hatching time, hatchability, age of mortality and the incidence of embryo malpositions were recorded as percentage of fertile eggs. The highest mean embryonic heat production or eggshell surface temperature occurred in the hatching cabinets operated at 39.9 °C and lowest at 36.1 °C. Eggs incubated at 37.2 °C and 38.3 °C had a significantly higher hatchability than the other treatment groups. High embryo mortality at the late term stage of development was recorded at low (36.1 °C) and very high temperatures (39.9 °C). No significant difference in the incidence of malpositions was observed among the groups. These findings revealed that hatchability might be improved if incubation temperatures of 37.2 °C to 38.3 °C are used during last five days of incubation. The results indicate that the modern hatching broiler egg shows almost similar pattern as past generations for heat production and temperature in hatchers during the last five days of incubation. In other words, in spite of genetic improvements in the modern broilers, the incubation conditions and techniques remained largely unchanged. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 34(4) 2004: 211-216
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The development of the fertilized eggs and the development and growth of yolksac larvae of Tinca tinca in the period of starvation were observed and the point of no return (PNR) was also studied. The results show that: (1) The embryo was hatched for about 52 h before hatching out with water temperature 21.5℃. (2) After hatching, the larvae started to feed on the seventh day with low initial feeding rate, the initial feeding rate reached the highest figure 100% on the ninth day, and then decreased to 50% on the twelfth day, while the larvae reached the pointofnoreturn. (3) After hatching, the highest yolksac consuming rate happened on the first day, while the highest growth rate of total length of larvae occurred on the second day. (4) On the eighth day after hatching, the yolk sac was absorbed completely, from then the starved larvae decreased in total length.
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Studies on fish embryogenesis have demonstrated that, although the yolk sac in most fish is spherical or subspherical and is definitely uniform in its architecture throughout, its shape in some cyprinid species (bream, sun bass, bleak and others) changes considerably during late organogenesis. The changes involve a rapid and conspicuous division of the yolk into two parts; the proximal one occupies about three quarters of the yolk volume and is spherical, while the caudal part, a quarter of the yolk volume, becomes elongated or even cylindrical. The yolk sac walls in the caudal part were observed to pulsate rhythmically, thus preceding the pulsation of the budding heart. It may be contended that the yolk sac wall pulsation causes mixing of the internal fluids in the developing embryo, an activity and role preceding that played by the central part of the emerging circulatory system, i.e., the heart. In teleost fish, the yolk occupies more than 90% of the egg cell. Initially, during embryogenesis, the yolk is covered by a thin ectoplasm layer which, shortly after the egg has been activated and hydrated and as a result of complex changes, develops into a reception mound which will later evolve into the embryonic disc and the embryo itself. The yolk is a storage site for substances supplying the developing embryo, and later the larva - freshly out of the egg membranes - with nourishment and energy. Consequently, as the organism develops, the yolk is resorbed at an ever increasing rate. In most fish species, the yolk sac retains a more or less spherical shape until the yolk is entirely resorbed. However, occasionally, and particularly during the later stages of embryonic development and immediately after hatch, the yolk sac becomes oval, pear-shaped, or cylindrical.
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Among the factors influencing embryonic development results and eggs' hatching is the process of eggs irrigating during hatching p eriod. Irrigating is used only for waterfowl poultr y in artificial incubation of eggs because of copying th e natural incubation. Eggs irrigating is conducted in order to remove heat eliminated by incubating embryos. Eggs hatching technology provides waterfowl eggs irrigating during the incubation period using solutions of KMnO 4 and Na 2CO 2 in various proportions in order to disinfect mineral shell, re move heat and quench the eggs. Researches carried out have proved positive influence of irrigating th e goose eggs with KMnO4 solution 10 g/10 l H 2O of day 10 of incubation for 2 times during 24 hours. F or normal development and receiving maximum hatching results using this method is recommended i n technology of goose eggs incubation.
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