A simple vertical slab gel electrophoresis apparatus
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A vertical slab gel electrophoresis apparatus is described, which can be cheaply mass-produced for student use and is safe to operateKeywords:
Slab
The slab is very important structure member in building and slab is one of the largest member consuming concrete. When the load acting on the slab is large or clear span between columns is more, the slab thickness is on increasing. It leads to consume more material such as concrete and steel, due to that self-weight of slab is increase. To avoid these disadvantages various studies carried out and researchers suggest voided flat plate slab system to reduce the self-weight of the slab.A voided flat slab system is known as one of the effective slab system, which can reduce self-weight of slab. A voided flat slab has hollow void former made from recycled plastic placed within slab in order to reduce self-weight of slab. The voided flat slab and solid slab are consider with interior span ranging from 6m x 6m to 14m x 14m having thickness from 280mm to 600mm having spherical balls into the slabs from 180mm to 450mm. Self-weight reduction, stiffness reduction factor and solid area for punching shear is derived for different cases of voided flat plate slab.
Slab
Slab window
Void (composites)
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The cleanliness of IF steel first slab produced by BOF-RH-CC and the difference with the cleanliness of normal slab were studied by means of total oxygen and nitrogen content analysis,SLIME,SEM,EDS,etc.It is found that the T[O] and [N] of first slab are obviously decreasing along casting direction.The large-sized inclusions contents of first slab are obviously higher than those of normal slab,and generally decrease along casting direction,and are close to those of normal slab after the position of 4.4 m along first slab.The distribution of large-sized inclusions is non-homogeneous along thickness direction of slab,which contents of inner arc slab are obviously higher than those of outer arc slab.The size of large-sized inclusions are mainly from 140 to 300 μm and the size over 300 μm,which accounts individually for 22.6% and 56.8% of total large-sized inclusions and are from slag entrapment in mould or tundish,reoxidation products and stuffing sand.
Slab
Tundish
Slag (welding)
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The dynamic forecasting model of temperature field in slab was established by the numerical solution according to the energy conservation.The ANSYS simulation was successfully introduced to the modeling simulation of slab heating based on the character of slab heating.The simulation results emerge the temperature field and heat transfer of slab heating,and offer investigative instrument for the more analyse of slab heating and heating system.The temperature field in slab and energy saving are achieved by using the model database of slab heating.
Slab
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In view of the practical significance of the establishment of model database of slab heating, the dynamic forecasting model of temperature field in slab is established by the numerical solution according to the energy conservation in this paper. The ANSYS simulation has been successfully introduced to the modeling simulation of slab heating based on the character of slab heating. The simulation results emerge the temperature field and heat transfer of slab heating, and offer investigative instrument for the more analyse of slab heating and heating system. The temperature field in slab and energy saving would be achieved by using the model database of slab heating.
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BEHAVIOR OF NAILED-SLAB SYSTEM ON SOFT CLAY DUE TO REPETITIVE LOADINGS BY CONDUCTING FULL SCALE TEST
The Nailed-slab System is not a soil improvement method, but rather as an alternative method to improve the performance of rigid pavement on soft soils. The installed piles under the slab were functioned as slab stiffeners. This research is aimed to learn the behavior of Nailed-slab System under repetitive loadings and its consideration for practical application. The full scale Nailed-slab System was conducted on soft clay which consisted of 6.00 m x 3.54 m slab area with 0.15 m in slab thickness, 15 short micro piles (0.20 m in diameter, 1.50 m in length, and 1.20 m in pile spacing) as slab stiffeners which installed under slab. Piles and slab were connected monolithically, then in due with vertical concrete wall barrier on the two ends of slab. The system was loaded by vertical repetitive loadings. Results show that the installed piles under the slab which embedded into the soils were functioned as slab stiffeners and were able to response similarly in 3D. This system has higher resistance due to vibration. Thereby, the Nailed-slab system is promising for practical application.
Slab
Full scale
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According to the structure characters of approach slab at roadbed-bridge transition section of slab track,four structural schemes of approach slab are given,and a finite element model of approach slab is established.The mechanics of slab track corresponding to each approach slab scheme is analyzed and compared between them,and the optimal scheme was proposed.In addition,the impact of approach slab unsupported-length on the mechanics of slab track was analyzed.The conclusion can provide the support for the design of roadbed-bridge transition section of slab track.Approach slab can improve the regularities of the track,reduce the types of slab and optimize the mechanics of slab track.However,approach slab position has large impact on the mechanics of slab track.According to the analysis results,the optimal scheme is characterized by approach slab placed on abutment,two ends of the approach slab aligned with the slab edge above,continuous bed pate and rigid foam panel set above the end-near-abutment of approach slab.Besides,the unsupported-length of approach slab has huge impact on the mechanics of slab track and itself,and the design of approach slab and bed plate above should be enhanced.
Slab
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In order to research the impact of unsteady casting process on IF steel slab,the cleanness of IF steel slab of unsteady casting conditions produced by the converter-RH-CC process was investigated by means of gas analysis,chemical composition analysis and big sample electrolysis of first slab,last slab and SEN-changing slab.The results show that TO,N,C content of the first slab rises along with the casting direction while Al and Ti content is just the opposite;average TO content of the whole first slab is 0.001 5% higher than other slabs,and N content 0.000 5% higher than other slabs,C content exceeds the criteria;the highest TO content of last slab and SEN-changing slab is 1.6 and 2.2 times average level of normal slabs,N content of last slab and SEN-changing slab fluctuation is 1.0-1.3 and 1.5-1.7 times average level of normal slabs,C content of last slab and SEN-changing slab fluctuation is 1.2-1.4 and 1.2-2.1 times average level of normal slabs,while other composition of last slab and SEN-changing slab has not very big fluctuation;content of large-sized inclusion of first slab is 34.37 mg/(10 kg) which is the highest,and then the last slab,and then the SEN-changing slab,ladle-casting-stop slab,content of large-sized inclusion of the normal slab is lower than 1.24 mg/(10 kg).
Slab
Ladle
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half slab의 시험시공을 실시함으로써 half slab의 제작, 탈형,
인양, 설치 및 topping con'c 타설의 각 단계에 있어서 시공성 및
품질관리측면에서 검토했다. 그리고 완성된 구조물에 대해서는
가중하중재하실험과 진동실험을 함으로써 half slab 구조물의
강도와 사용성을 분석 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다.
half slab의 제작에서 topping concrete 타설까지의 각 시공작업은
전체적으로 원활했으며, 시공중 유해한 정도의 균열이나 처짐은
발생하지 않았다. 또한 half slab 구조물에 집합주택용 설계하중을
재하한 결과 충분한 강도와 사용성이 있었으며, half slab는
topping concrete에 의해 일체화된 합성 slab로 거동하는 것이
판면되었다. 그리고 성인 1명, 2명이 뛸 때의 half slab 구조물에
대한 진동실험 결과, 주거용으로 사용하기에는 충분한 거주성을
확보하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.
Slab
Topping
Slab window
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Adopting FEM and experimental method,the deformation of the slab during Sizing Press(SP) is analyzed.The characteristics of the slab shape after SP,and the influence of the un-symmetry factor and the width reduction on the warp at the end of the slab are investigated.The influence of the slab shape after SP on the slab shape after rough rolling is discussed.The results show that,the deformation of the slab is un-symmetry during SP;the characteristics of the slab shape after SP are as follows:the head and the end of the slab appear fish-tail;the cross section of the slab shows dog bone;the width of the slab is periodical variation,and press marks appear at the side faces of the slab,the thickness of the slab's side is also periodical variation corresponding to the press marks;the end of the slab warps easily for the un-symmetry conditions along the vertical direction;the warp after SP causes the width of the slab end increasing after following rough rolling;and the width fluctuation of the slab after SP causes the width fluctuation of the slab after rough rolling.
Slab
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Research purposes: The regulation of all-day temperature variation on general-slab and frame-slab is presented through temperature measurement of ballastless track slab.The regulation of all-day temperature gradient of slab is given.The temperature effect on the slab is analyzed and researched for purpose of instructing the design.Research conclusions:Through measurement,the maximum temperatures of the upper surface and the lower surface of slabs are respectively 16 ℃ and 3 ℃ higher than the local maximum temperature.The temperature difference in the top-bottom surfaces of slab is between 10 ℃ and 13 ℃.The temperature gradient of the slab profile is approximately 0.5 ℃/cm,approaching the linear variation.A calculation model of thermal warping stress of slab is established.Upon calculation,the warping stresses and warping deformations of general-slab are smaller than those of frame-slab,and the warping deformations of general-slab and frame-slab are 0.82 mm and 0.61 mm respectively.The maximum longitudinal warping stresses of general-slab and frame-slab are respectively 1.81 MPa and 1.51 MPa,and the maximum transverse warping stresses of general-slab and frame-slab are 0.75 MPa and 0.58 MPa respectively.
Slab
Image warping
Temperature Gradient
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