Catheter motion during atrial ablation due to the beating heart and respiration: Impact on accuracy and spatial referencing in three-dimensional mapping
Hanno U. KlemmDaniel StevenChristin JohnsenRodolfo VenturaThomas RostockBoris LutomskyTim RisiusThomas MeinertzStephan Willems
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The step-wise approach to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) requires considerable substrate modification targeting at complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) in addition to pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. An alternative strategy that minimizes the amount of ablation would be desirable. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of pre-procedural amiodarone affects: (i) the amount of ablation required to achieve procedural success, and (ii) long-term outcomes.We studied 121 consecutive patients with persistent AF who underwent catheter ablation. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, amiodarone (n = 31); Group 2, other antiarrhythmic drugs or rate control (n = 90). All the patients underwent a step-wise ablation procedure beginning with PV isolation, then proceeding with ablation of the CFAEs and linear lesions until sinus rhythm was achieved. Mean left atrial cycle length of AF (AFCL) was recorded at each step. The number of CFAE ablation sites was recorded. The number of CFAE sites in Group 1 was significantly less than that in Group 2 (P = 0.0121). The AFCLs after each step in Group 1 were significantly longer than those in Group 2. The procedure time and the radiofrequency time of CFAE ablation in Group 1 were significantly shorter than that in Group 2 (P = 0.0276 and P = 0.0458, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in early and long-term outcomes.Use of pre-procedural amiodarone prolongs AFCL during catheter ablation and reduces the number of CFAE sites requiring ablation to achieve procedural success while maintaining equivalent long-term results.
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Atrial fibrillation globally affects roughly 33.5 million people, making it the most common heart rhythm disorder. It is a crucial arrhythmia, as it is linked with a variety of negative outcomes such as strokes, heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Atrial fibrillation can reduce quality of life because of the potential symptoms, for instance exercise intolerance, fatigue, and palpitation. There are different types of treatments aiming to prevent atrial fibrillation and improve quality of life. Currently, the primary treatment for atrial fibrillation is pharmacology therapy, however, these still show limited effectiveness, which has led to research on other alternative strategies. Catheter ablation is considered the second line treatment for atrial fibrillation when the standard treatment has failed. Moreover, catheter ablation continues to show significant results when compared to standard therapy. Hence, this review will argue that catheter ablation can show superiority over current pharmacological treatments in different aspects. It will discuss the most influential aspects of the treatment of atrial fibrillation, which are recurrence and burden of atrial fibrillation, quality of life, atrial fibrillation in the setting of heart failure and mortality and whether catheter ablation can be the first line treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation.
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In recent years, radio-frequency catheter ablation has emerged as an effective treatment option for patients with paroxysmal and chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). Based on advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AF, catheter ablation has evolved primarily into two general approaches: (1) ablation strategies that create a predetermined set of lesions usually at or around specific anatomical landmarks (anatomically guided ablation) and (2) ablation strategies that attempt to identify and eliminate specific mechanisms that initiate and perpetuate AF (tailored ablation). A tailored ablation strategy also has been combined with anatomically guided ablation. In this chapter, anatomically guided ablation is discussed.
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Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is demanding and time consuming. Robotically controlled catheter ablation reduces operator fatigue and exposure to X-rays, and provides greater precision and stability of the catheter. A new flexible, integrated robotic sheath and ablation catheter has recently been introduced (Lynx(TM)) and used in atrial ablation procedures. We describe the first VT substrate modification ablation in the world with the Lynx(TM) robotic radio frequency ablation catheter.
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The advent of catheter ablation technology has changed the treatment strategy for atrial fibrillation, and the efficacy of catheter ablation is accurate with small surgical trauma. Catheter ablation treatment of atrial fibrillation is significantly better than pharmacologic therapy of anti-arrhythmia and rate control. However, the clinic data of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation show that the recurrence rate is high. The risk factors for recurrence after catheter ablation include age, sex, body mass index, related primary disease, left atrial volume, pulmonary vein volume, gene, atrial fibrillation types, surgery and so on. Regulation of the above factors is crucial in improving the clinical efficacy and prognosis of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.导管消融技术改变了心房颤动的治疗策略，且其疗效确切，手术创伤小。导管消融术治疗房颤结局显著优于抗心律失常及控制心室率等药物的治疗方案，但其术后心房颤动的复发率高，其复发的影响因素包括年龄、性别、体重指数、基础疾病、左心房体积、肺静脉容积、基因、房颤类型、手术方式等。针对这些因素进行相应调整，对改善导管消融术后的临床疗效及预后至关重要。.
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Atrial fibrillation and obesity are interlinked epidemics and both impair quality of life. As the prevalence of both conditions in the US continues to rise, so will the number of obese patients with atrial fibrillation referred for catheter ablation. Catheter ablation has already been shown to significantly improve quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation. Until recently, there has been little attention to the effects of catheter ablation on quality of life specifically in obese patients with atrial fibrillation. This paper will review what is known about the effects of atrial fibrillation and obesity on quality of life and how quality of life is affected by catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in obese patients.
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Ablation of papillary muscles (PMs) for refractory ventricular arrhythmias can often be challenging. The catheter approach and orientation during ablation may affect optimal radiofrequency (RF) delivery. Yet, no previous study investigated the association between catheter orientation and PM lesion size. We evaluated ablation lesion characteristics with various catheter orientations relative to the PM tissue during open irrigated ablation, using a standardized, experimental setting.Viable bovine PM was positioned on a load cell in a circulating saline bath. RF ablation was performed over PM tissue at 50 W, with the open irrigated catheter positioned either perpendicular or parallel to the PM surface. Applied force was 10 g. Ablation lesions were sectioned and underwent quantitative morphometric analysis.A catheter position oriented directly perpendicular to the PM tissue resulted in the largest ablation lesion volumes and depths compared with ablation with the catheter parallel to PM tissue (75.26 ± 8.40 mm3 vs. 34.04 ± 2.91 mm3 , p < .001) and (3.33 ± 0.18 mm vs. 2.24 ± 0.10 mm, p < .001), respectively. There were no significant differences in initial impedance, peak voltage, peak current, or overall decrease in impedance among groups. Parallel catheter orientation resulted in higher peak temperature (41.33 ± 0.28°C vs. 40.28 ± 0.24°C, p = .003), yet, there were no steam pops in either group.For PM ablation, catheter orientation perpendicular to the PM tissue achieves more effective and larger ablation lesions, with greater lesion depth. This may have implications for the chosen ventricular access approach, the type of catheter used, consideration for remote navigation, and steerable sheaths.
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