A study in the mechanical milling of alumina powder
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Tungsten Carbide
High-speed rail grinding is a unique passive grinding maintenance strategy that differs from conventional grinding techniques. Its grinding behavior is dependent on the relative motion between the grinding wheel and rail; hence, it possesses great speed and efficiency. In this study, the effects of the duration of grinding time and the increase in the number of grinding passes on the grinding of high-speed rails were investigated using passive grinding tests with a single grinding time of 10 s and 30 s and grinding passes of once, twice, and three times, respectively. The results show that when the total grinding time was the same, the rail removal, grinding ratio of grinding wheels, rail grinding effect, grinding force, and grinding temperature were better in three passes of 10 s grinding than in one pass of 30 s grinding, indicating that the short-time and multi-pass grinding scheme is not only conducive to improving the grinding efficiency and grinding quality in the high-speed rail grinding but can also extend the service life of the grinding wheels. Moreover, when the single grinding times were 10 s and 30 s, respectively, the grinding removal, grinding efficiency, grinding marks depth, and surface roughness of rail increased with the number of grinding passes, implying that the desired rail grinding objective can be achieved by extending the grinding time via the multi-pass grinding strategy. The results and theoretical analysis of this study will contribute to re-conceptualizing the practical operation of high-speed rail grinding and provide references for the development of the grinding process and grinding technology.
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This study is aimed to determine the grindability and kinetic behavior on grinding of vitrified sanitary ware wastes. The specific rates of breakage (Si) and the model parameters were determined through kinetic experiments to understand the grinding mechanisms of vitrified wastes. The breakage behaviors were determined experimentally by using mono-size fraction technique. The mono-sized samples of −2360 + 1700 µm, −1180 + 850 µm, and −425 + 300 µm were ground batchwise for the selected periods to determine the Si. At the end of each grinding period, using the material at different mono-size groups, particle size distributions and breakage behaviors of the products were determined. Depending on the grinding periods in both of the mills, energy consumptions and d80 values of grinding products obtained by varying grinding periods were determined. It was acquired that as the size group decreases breakage speed gets slower in the ball mill and increases in the stirred mill. An increase in the grinding period results in an increase in energy consumption, but there is no significant change in d80 size in grinding of vitrified waste in the ball mill. However, it was found that d80 size significantly decreases depending on the increasing grinding period in the stirred mill.
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Based on the grinding target profile of the rail and the grinding capacity of a single grinding stone, a numerical calculation method for rail grinding patterns that includes grinding angle and grinding power of each grinding stone of the GMC96 rail grinding train was designed and established. By means of this numerical method, the grinding pattern of each grinding pass was optimized and the rail head profile after grinding was calculated. Furthermore, a method for the evaluation of the grinding quality is provided. The results indicate that in multipass rail grinding, a sequence of grinding passes – where the greatest grinding effort is applied on the earlier passes, with the last pass applying reducing levels of grinding effort – produces the highest conformance to the target grinding profile. For example, when rail grinding is planned for two passes, applying 60% of the total grinding effort on the first pass and 40% on the second pass decreases the final grinding error by 7.3%.
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Tungsten Carbide
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Rail grinding is a traditional part of maintenance employed to mitigate rail damage such as shelling and corrugation. In order to improve the efficiency of grinding operations in the field, new grinding stones were developed and evaluated in this study. The improvement in grinding capacity of the developed grinding stone compared with the current grinding stone was confirmed, as was its improved grinding performance due to its more moderate impact on rails from a metallographic point of view despite the improved grinding performance. Based on these results, it is expected that the developed grinding stone has the potential to be introduced to field grinding operations.
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The limit of in-water grinding of silica sand by a planetary ball mill, which gives a much higher grinding rate than tumbling ball mills, was investigated from the viewpoint of mechanical grinding conditions. The grinding limit and subsequent negative grinding were confirmed in the in-water grinding. To do this, the product fineness was evaluated on the basis of size analysis by the laser scattering-diffraction method. As a result of a series of experiments, it was found that the grinding equilibrium size, defined as the minimum particle size determined by the size analysis, decreased as the ball size, ball density or mill's rotation was reduced. The grinding equilibrium size was well correlated with the maximum force exerting on a single ball in the mill pot within the experimental range.
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Ball (mathematics)
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Attrition
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Ball (mathematics)
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Tungsten Carbide
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Ball (mathematics)
Gibbsite
Specific energy
Impact energy
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