Geochemistry of the Gavkhoni Playa Lake Brine
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Halite
Siliciclastic
Brine
Wadi
A shallow-water and mud-flat mechanism is suggested for the deposition of certain evaporite deposits such as gypsum, but a deep-basin mechanism is considered responsible for most of the extraordinarily thick halite deposits.
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Routine trace‐element geochemistry suggests that components in putative marine halite evaporites may be partly of nonmarine origin, but such interpretations are commonly ambiguous. Stable chlorine isotopes may provide a less‐ambiguous marker of chloride origin where δ 37 Cl departs from the range predicted for evaporite formation from seawater. Bedded halite with primary sedimentary textures preserves original δ 37 Cl values. Measurable change in δ 37 Cl can be generated by incongruent dissolution of halite, but only if less than half the original halite remains. Badenian (middle Miocene) halite from the Forecarpathian and from the East Slovakian and Transcarpathian basins has a δ 37 Cl range of – 0.2 to 0.8‰. Two phenomena cannot be explained by simple evaporation of 0.0‰ seawater. At Wieliczka, the Shaft Salt has distinctive δ 37 Cl values (– 0.2 to 0.0‰) relative to neighbouring salt beds (0.2 to 0.6‰), requiring a large, abrupt input of brine with negative δ 37 Cl. Halite with high (0.6 – 0.8‰) δ 37 Cl near the base of the East Slovakian and Transcarpathian evaporites requires a large input of chloride with positive δ 37 Cl into the basins. Expulsion of basin brine with non‐0‰δ 37 Cl into the evaporite basins may account for the nonmarine chloride sources.
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Evaporites are sediments deposited from natural waters that have been concentrated as a result of evaporation. The source waters can be either marine or continental in origin. Evaporite deposits are important sources of gypsum, halite, sylvite, and other economically important minerals. The genesis of these deposits is controlled partly by the movement of groundwater into and/or out of basins that are hydrologically closed with respect to surface-water outflow. During the evolution of an evaporite deposit, both the quantity (fluxes) and quality (chemistry) of local groundwater can control salt deposition.
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Hydrogen is expected to play a key role in decarbonizing industry and storing energy from intermittent sources such as wind energy. Underground salt caverns are an attractive target for storage due to their large volumes and effective sealing capacity. Despite ambitious goals to become a world leader in hydrogen, there are no onshore salt basins in Scotland. Therefore, the offshore Forth Approaches Basin (FAB), currently undergoing development of the Seagreen Offshore Wind Farm, could provide a critical storage site. Re-evaluation of petrophysical data from five legacy hydrocarbon wells allowed an updated assessment of the composition and variability of the Late Permian Zechstein evaporite sequence. Well analysis is combined with seismic interpretation to understand the salt bodies and their suitability for solution mining. Three halite formations are identified: (1) the Stassfurt Halite Formation, which has insufficient thickness for solution mining; (2) the Leine Halite Formation, which comprises three subunits with a KCl-dominated unit separating two halite-dominated units; and (3) the Aller Halite Formation, which is only identified in the centre of the FAB. Where halokinesis has occurred, the Leine Halite Formation reaches sufficient thicknesses (>300 m) and purity for salt cavern placement; however, heterogeneities are challenging to predict. Layered evaporites only reach sufficient thickness where the Aller Halite Formation is present and could be developed with the underlying Leine Halite Formation. Heterogeneities can be correlated across wells within the layered sequences, aiding prediction. A strong understanding of evaporite facies distribution is required to ensure that halite bodies are suitable for safe and economic solution mining in the FAB and other salt basins globally. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Hydrogen as a future energy source collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/hydrogen
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The development of basal Zechstein (Wuchiapingian) strata inSW Polandindicates the existence of a diversified relief inherited after the flooding of the pre-existing depression by the transgressing Zechstein sea. The deeper parts of the basin were the place of development of thin basinal Zechstein Limestone showing sedimentary condensation manifested by bored and encrusted grains and thick evaporites (mostly halite), and in shallow parts Zechstein Limestone reefs followed by thinner evaporite sequences (dominated by anhydrite) occur. The analysis of 3D seismic sections showed that instead of three conventionally recognized evaporite units of stratigraphic potential in the PZ1 cycle, five units occur (from the base to the top: Lower Anhydrite, Lower Oldest Halite, Middle Anhydrite, Upper Oldest Halite, Upper Anhydrite). In a particular place their number may vary from two (Lower Anhydrite at the base of the PZ1 cycle and Upper Anhydrite at the top of the PZ1 cycle) to five. There are two complexes of Lower Anhydrite occurring throughout the platform and basinal zones showing deepening-upward (transgressive) trend. The halite sedimentation in the deepest parts of salt basins began shortly after the deposition of the upper Lower Anhydrite complex while in the sulphate platform areas the sulphate deposition lasted still for a long time. The Lower Oldest Halite deposits occur in the depressions. Between the halite basins, anhydrite platforms occur, and the thickness of anhydrite platform deposits is smaller than it is observed in salt basins. The Upper Oldest Halite in turn is recorded above the anhydrite platform. The two halite units represent different phases of development of halite basins. The Lower Oldest Halite basins are related to the pre-Zechstein depressions, although in some cases their syndepositional subsidence was controlled by reactivation, during the deposition of basal Zechstein strata, of former faults. In turn, the Upper Oldest Halite basins used the accommodation space created due to anhydritization of the Lower Anhydrite deposits composed originally of selenitic gypsum. The 3D seismics evidences that the PZ1 evaporites inSW Polandhave been deposited in far more complex and dynamic system than it was assumed before.
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Anhydrite
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