LIPOTROPIC DOSE–RESPONSE STUDIES IN RATS: COMPARISONS OF CHOLINE, BETAINE, AND METHIONINE
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Abstract:
Dose–response curves have been obtained showing the effects, in weanling rats, of graded doses of choline, betaine, and methionine, respectively, when added to a hypolipotropic diet. A comparison of the lipotropic activity made on the steep portions of the dose–response curves showed that at all liver fat values from normal to 27%, the ratio of betaine to choline necessary to produce a given level of fat was 3: 1. Essentially similar ratios were observed in the prevention of hemorrhagic kidney lesions and in the stimulation of growth. Methionine, at the lower doses, was as effective as betaine, on a molar basis, in maintaining a given level of liver fat. However, the higher levels of methionine were not as efficient. Methionine at the highest dosage used did not bring the liver fat entirely within the normal range.Keywords:
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Choline oxidase
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The experiment was conducted to study the effects of betaine on growth performance and carcass compositions in weanling piglets, and approach to the mechanism of the effects by determining indexes of serum and hormone parameters 120 weanling piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Jia) were divided into five groups, each of which included three replicates of 24 piglets each, the treatment groups received the same basal diet supplemented with 0, 600, 800, 1 000, 1 200 mg/kg betaine respectively for 36 d The results showed that betaine obviously increased feed intake (FI) and average daily gain (ADG), decreased feed gain ratio (FGR) Compared with control group, 800 mg/kg betaine treated group was the most effective in increasing FI by 8 71% and ADG by 11 82%, decreasing FGR by 2 79%; 800 mg/kg betaine treated group decreased SUN level and increased total iron binding ability, GH and IGF 1 levels in serum It was also found that betaine supplement at 800 mg/kg apparently changed the carcass compositions: dissected lean of carcass was increased by 4 08%, leaf fat ratio was decreased by 27 59%
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Choline
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Choline
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Betaine
Choline
Clinical Practice
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Betaine
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Choline
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Betaine and methionine have been shown to be effective in preventing perosis and promoting growth in chicks when added to a simplified diet. They were ineffective when added to a purified diet of higher methionine content. In contrast, choline prevented perosis and promoted growth on both diets.
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Despite previous studies suggesting that choline and betaine ameliorate lipid accumulation in rat livers, the relative effectiveness of the two nutrients is unclear. We examined the efficacy of dietary supplementation with choline or betaine in ameliorating lipid accumulation induced by vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency in the rat liver. Male Wistar rats were fed control, B6-deficient, choline-supplemented B6-deficient, betaine-supplemented B6-deficient, or both choline and betaine-supplemented B6-deficient diets (all containing 9 g of l-methionine (Met)/kg) for 35 d. Two experiments were performed, i.e., one using 17 mmol/kg diet choline bitartrate, betaine anhydrous, and the combination and another using 8.5 mmol/kg diet. Rats fed a B6-deficient diet developed lipid accumulation in the liver with a reduction of plasma lipids induced by the disruption of Met metabolism. However, the addition of 17 mmol/kg diet choline or betaine was sufficient to ameliorate the disruptions of lipid and Met metabolism. Additionally, 8.5 mmol/kg diet choline ameliorated liver lipid deposition, while the same amount of betaine had no significant effects on liver or plasma lipid profiles. Supplementation with choline resulted in a higher liver betaine than that found using the same amount of betaine alone, although the overall liver betaine content was reduced in B6-deficient rats. Our findings indicate that choline is more effective than betaine in ameliorating B6 deficiency-related disruptions in Met metabolism and liver lipid accumulation by increasing liver betaine levels.
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Experimental data showing an influence of different diets on antiperotic properties of betaine and methionine for chicks have been reported by McGinnis, Norris, and Heuser (1944). The results showed that betaine, methionine, and choline prevented perosis and promoted growth in chicks when added to a simplified diet. Only choline was effective for either function when these materials were added to a purified diet containing gelatin. The difference in antiperotic activity of betaine and methionine when added to the two diets was believed to be due to the presence in the simplified diet of a precursor necessary for biological choline synthesis or the presence in the purified diet of a factor which inhibited choline synthesis by the chick. The two experiments reported herein were conducted to determine (1) whether betaine has antiperotic and growth-promoting properties for turkey poults when added to a diet similar in composition to the simplified diet 543 . . .
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