Changes in Ovine Hepatic Circulation and Oxygen Consumption at Birth
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Ductus venosus
Venous blood
Abstract To evaluate intraabdominal course of umbilical vein, its relation with portal vein and ductus venosus and its anomalies. All pregnant women were examined during midtrimester anomaly scan between January 2015 and December 2017. With evaluation of umbilical vein in its intraabdominal course, size of umbilical vein, its relation to the stomach and the gallbladder and origin of ductus venosus were studied in middle and upper abdominal axial and sagittal planes by two dimensional and colour doppler sonography. Anastomosis of umbilical vein with portal vein and its further course was examined and detailed anatomical survey was made to look for associated anomalies. Fetal and neonatal outcome was assessed after delivery. Twelve cases of umbilical vein abnormalities were evaluated. Of them, there were three cases of umbilical vein varix, four cases of persistent right umbilical vein and five cases of abnormal umbilical–portal–systemic venous shunt were noted. Examination of the intraabdominal course of umbilical vein and ductus venosus should be a part of second trimester anomaly scan. Proper knowledge of umbilical portal venous system is mandatory.
Ductus venosus
Navel
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To explore the umbilical vein branches of the fetal and the quantity of blood passing through the liver and the ductus venosus. Method Sixty two normal fetal livers were chosen after being fixed with formalin. The branches of umbilical vein were anatomized, observed and measured.Results There was a significant difference of the total cross section area between the umbilical vein branches pass through the liver and the ductus venosus (P0. 001). The sectional area passing through the liver conclusion was larger than that of ductus venosus.Conclusion In the fetal, the great majority of umbilical blood passes through the liver to in ferior vena cava and only small part flows into the ductus venosus. There is over two - thirds umbilical vein blood passing through the 1iver to left lobe.
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Objective To establish reference ranges with gestation for blood flow of fetal ductus venosus(DV) and umbilical vein(UV) and determine the fraction of umbilical blood shunted through the DV in the human fetus. Methods Color Doppler flow ultrasound was used to examine 138 normal singleton pregnancies at 16～41 weeks gestation. Flow velocity waveforms were recorded from the DV and UV. Peak velocity during ventricular systole was measured at DV inlet. DV and UV blood flow were calculated. Results The blood flow increased as pregnancy progressed(P 0.01 ), while blood flow per kilogram of estimated body weight calculated for DV decreased as pregnancy progressed(P 0.01 ). The blood velocity, the diameter and the blood flow in UV increased as pregnancy progressed(P 0.05 , P 0.01 , P 0.01 ). Blood flow per kilogram of estimated body weight calculated for UV decreased pregnancy progressed(P 0.01 ). Qdv/Quv ratio decreased as pregnancy progressed(P 0.01 ). The average fraction shunted through the DV was 43 during the second and third trimester. Conclusions The blood flow from UV shunted through the DV decreases as pregnancy progressed during the second and third trimester. DV plays less role in shunting high oxygen blood flow to heart and brain.
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Umbilical artery
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Introduction Early identification and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are crucial. Presently, the mechanism of DPN is not very clear, and there are inconclusive conclusions about the influencing factors of vascular dynamic characteristics in DPN. This study aims to detect and compare the hemodynamic characteristics of plantar blood vessels in patients with mild DPN and healthy participants to explore a simple and reliable new idea and a potential method for early assessment of DPN and to investigate the influence of gender and age on hemodynamic characteristics. Research design and methods Sixty age-matched and gender-matched patients with mild DPN (30 men and 30 women) and 60 healthy participants were randomly recruited. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to measure and analyze the hemodynamic characteristics of plantar-related vessels. Results Ultrasonic measurements had good test–retest reliability. There may be no statistically significant differences in the blood flow velocity and blood flow in the plantar-related blood vessels of participants, irrespective of their gender and age. For patients with mild DPN, color Doppler ultrasound may indicate early hemodynamic abnormalities when there are no obvious abnormalities in the large arteries of the lower limbs, which are specifically manifested as increased blood flow velocity and blood flow in the distal small vessels. Conclusions Our study provides in vivo data support for the dynamic characteristics of the plantar blood vessel biomechanical model and provides a new idea of in vivo and non-invasive early diagnosis of DPN.
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OBJECTIVE: Fetal liver is mostly perfused by umbilical vein via ductus venosus and AFP is synthesized and secreted from fetal liver. In this study we tried to determine the effect of ductus venosus and umbilical blood flow on serum AFP levels STUDY DESIGN: Sixty women with 16-20 weeks of gestation were enrolled for the study. Subjects were divided into two: AFP levels lower (n=46) and higher than 2 MomS MoMs (n=14). All participants underwent serum AFP, ductus venosus and umbilical artery Doppler Doppler S/D screening. Effect of ductus venosus and umbilical artery blood flow on serum AFP levels were analyzed. RESULTS: Ductus venosus (AUC=0.945, P 2 MoM became 1.98 MoM after adjustment. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that Ductus venosus and umbilical artery S/D value adjusted serum AFP levels may have lower false positive rates.
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Umbilical artery
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Abstract Anomalies of the fetal umbilical vessels are rare, excepting single umbilical arteries which occur in 0.2–1.0% of pregnancies1. Abnormalities of the intra‐abdominal umbilical vein may be categorized into three main groups: (1) the ductus venosus is patent but the right umbilical vein persists; (2) the ductus venosus is not patent, and there is extrahepatic continuation of the umbilical vein; and (3) the umbilical vein takes a normal course but is abnormally dilated. We describe cases of each of these types of anomaly, including the first report of prenatal diagnosis of insertion of the umbilical vein into the iliac vein, and review the literature on this subject. Copyright © 1996 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
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The present study was performed to evaluate the time course of hemodynamic change in axial and random pattern flaps two-dimensionally. The axial pattern flap, including the central auricular artery and vein, and the random pattern flap without these vessels were created in the auricles of the rabbit. The blood flow of these flaps was investigated and assessed using laserflowgraphy, which provides a two-dimensional analysis of microcirculation. In the axial pattern flap, a gradient of blood flow toward the short axis of the flap and decreased blood flow in the surrounding area were noticed immediately after operation. The hemodynamic changes became less marked with time. In the random pattern flap, a gradient of blood flow toward the long axis of the flap was noticed around 6 hr after operation and the blood flow in the surrounding area increased throughout the investigations.
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Ductus venosus
Tapering
Fetal heart
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To test the hypothesis the application of ductus venosus Doppler velocimetry may serve as a screening tool between 10 and 14 weeks' gestation for the detection of fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities.372 consecutive fetuses were studied. Based on prior study, a chromosomal abnormality was suspected when either the nuchal translucency was above the 95th centile, or there was reversed or absent flow in the ductus venosus during atrial contraction. Sensitivity, specificity, and the negative and positive predictive values were calculated.There were 29 chromosomally abnormal fetuses. Of these 29 fetuses, ductus venosus blood flow during atrial contraction was either absent (n = 2) or reversed (n = 25) in 93.1%. In the chromosomally normal fetuses (n = 343), only 6 (1.7%) had abnormal Doppler profiles in the ductus venosus (specificity = 98.3%, positive and negative predictive values = 81.8% and 99.4%, respectively).The Doppler waveform of the ductus venosus was at least equal to NT thickness measurement for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities.
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Velocimetry
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