The effects of simulated fog and motion on simulator sickness in a driving simulator and the duration of after-effects
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Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
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Motion simulator
Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
Motion simulator
Spatial disorientation
Sensory cue
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Simulator sickness - or cybersickness, as it is referred to when applied to virtual reality environments - is distinct from motion sickness in that the subject is stationary, but has a compelling sense of motion induced through exposure to changing visual imagery. Symptoms of simulator sickness are similar to those commonly experienced by subjects reporting motion sickness, thus the results of motion sickness studies tend to have application in simulator and cybersickness studies as well. However, while observing numerous visitors to their virtual environment facilities, the authors noticed a pattern of cybersickness which appeared inconsistent with the traditional understanding of motion sickness: older visitors often appeared to suffer more severe cybersickness than younger visitors. These observations contrasted sharply with traditional motion sickness studies, in which younger subjects have been found to be more prone to sickness than older subjects. The pilot study described in this poster demonstrates that indeed traditional explanations of the relationship between age and motion sickness may not hold true for cybersickness.
Simulator sickness
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In this study we describe a new approach to relate simulator sickness ratings with the main frequency component of the simulator motion mismatch, that is, the computed difference between the time histories of simulator motion and vehicle motion, respectively. During two driving simulator experiments in the TNO moving-base driving simulator—that were performed for other reasons than the purpose of this study—we collected simulator sickness questionnaires from in total 58 subjects. The main frequency component was computed by means of the power spectrum density of the computed mismatch signal. We hypothesized that simulator sickness incidence depends on this frequency component, in a similar way as the incidence of “real” motion sickness, such as sea sickness, depends on motion frequency. The results show that the simulator sickness ratings differed between both driving simulator experiments. The experiment with its main frequency component of the mismatch signal of 0.08 Hz had significantly higher simulator sickness incidence than the experiment with its main frequency at 0.46 Hz. Since the experimental design differed between both experiments, we cannot exclusively attribute the difference in sickness ratings to the frequency component, but the observation does suggest that quantitative analysis of the mismatch between the motion profiles of the simulator and the vehicle may greatly improve our understanding of the causal mechanism of simulator sickness.
Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
Component (thermodynamics)
Motion simulator
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We investigated simulator sickness in jet simulators without motion platforms (Eurofighter), and in a helicopter simulator (EC 135) as well as in a reconnaissance aircraft simulator (P-3C-Orion) with motion simulation. In addition, workload, visual fatigue, and vitality of pilots were measured. In contrast to jet simulators, where no flashbacks were reported, the EC 135 and the P-3C-Orion simulators proved to be problematic, causing severe simulator sickness symptoms or flashbacks. In all three studies, simulator sickness correlated positively with workload and visual fatigue, while correlating negatively with vitality. In line with previous findings, compared with no-motion simulators, motion-based simulators evoke simulator sickness more easily. Back assumptions that higher workload can reduce simulator sickness could not be proved, since positive correlations were found.
Simulator sickness
Motion simulator
Driving simulator
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A necessity in driving simulation testing is to understand and attenuate simulator sickness, to reduce the number of undesired drop-outs. Especially urban environments, with its many turns and changes in the velocity profile, are a challenge. This paper describes the motion sickness rating results of a between-subjects experiment (n = 63), which investigated the effects of adding scaled yaw motion to a simulator on the sickness incidence and severity while being driven as passenger through an urban environment. Three cases were considered: no motion, scaled yaw motion, and including the vehicle pitch and roll rotations in addition to the scaled yaw motion. The misery scale (MISC) was obtained every minute, and the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) was completed before and after the 45-minute trial. Experimental results show that less participants became sick when some form of yaw-motion was provided.
Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
Motion simulator
Motion simulation
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Older drivers desire independence in mobility, and automated vehicles hold plausible opportunities to realize this goal. Motion sickness (automated shuttle exposure) or simulator sickness (automated driving simulator exposure) may affect acceptance of these technologies. This study investigated the onset of motion and simulator sickness in older drivers (mean age = 74.29, SD = 5.96; female = 54%) after exposure to an automated shuttle and automated driving simulator and assessed age and sex as determinants of motion and/or simulator sickness. Using a repeated measures design, 104 older drivers were randomly allocated to the shuttle and simulator. Baseline, as well as post exposures, were measured using the Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (domains: sweatiness, queasiness, dizziness, nauseousness). Older drivers who were exposed to the simulator show a statistically significant increase in simulator sickness symptoms across the four domains compared to the same group being tested in the shuttle. No age and sex differences were detected within the groups and no participants dropped out of the study due to motion or simulator sickness. The automated shuttle and simulator hold plausible opportunities for continued exposure of older drivers to these technologies, as long as motion or driving simulator sickness protocols are used properly.
Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
Motion simulator
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Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
Dropout (neural networks)
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Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
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A necessity in driving simulation testing is to understand and attenuate simulator sickness in urban environments to reduce the number of undesired drop-outs. This final thesis explains a 6 degree-of-freedom simulator sickness prediction model based on observer theory including the visual system. The model incorporates state-of-the-art knowledge of human spatial orientation perception and qualitative theories that try to explain motion sickness. Predictions are made regarding the simulator sickness incidence and expected rotary and translational motions for different motion and sensory paradigms. A between-subjects experiment was conducted to verify the model. Furthermore, the effect of adding scaled, but veridical, yaw motion to a simulator on the sickness incidence and severity while driving in urban environments was investigated. Participants were required to indicate a misery scale score every minute and to fill in the simulator sickness questionnaire prior to and after the experiment. Additionally, the perceived motion incongruence was measured together with head movements. Three cases were considered; a no-motion case, a case with a scaled yaw movement and a case with a scaled yaw movement together with pitch and roll motions. A significant relationship has been found between the simulator sickness prediction model outputs and the experimental outputs. Therefore, the model with the implemented visual system could be used to better understand and predict simulator sickness. A significant relationship has also been found between the measured perceived motion incongruence and the simulator sickness incidence. This perceived motion incongruence can be used to quantify a part of the qualitative sensory rearrangement theory. Furthermore, humans that indicated lower sickness scores, moved their head significantly more along with the direction of the curve. Head movement strategies can be taught to participants of simulator studies to attenuate simulator sickness symptoms. Finally, significantly less participants dropped out in the cases that included simulator motion when driving in urban environments. The findings in this final thesis could assist in attenuating the number of drop-outs during driving simulation testing in urban scenarios.
Simulator sickness
Driving simulator
Observer (physics)
Spatial disorientation
Motion simulator
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