The Effect of High-Carbohydrate Diets on Liver Triglyceride Formation in the Rat
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Abstract:
The effect of feeding diets containing 75% glucose or fructose on liver triglyceride formation in the rat was studied by both in vivo and in vitro techniques. The results were compared with those from control rats fed laboratory chow.Keywords:
Steatosis
Introduction: Liver grafts with limited steatosis are currently used for liver transplantation, but the natural history of graft steatosis is not well known. Project Aims or Questions: This program evaluation aimed at assessing changes of steatosis after liver transplantation. Design: A retrospective chart review was performed assessing presence and severity of steatosis in the liver explant and in time zero donor graft biopsies carried out at the time-point of liver transplantation on histopathology and on imaging one year thereafter in 30 well characterized patients. Results: Ten patients (33%) showed steatosis on explant. Time zero biopsy revealed steatosis in 18 grafts (60%) and no steatosis in 12 (40%). One year after transplantation, 8 patients (27%) had steatosis and 22 patients (63%) had none. Fourteen patients (47%) showed changes in steatosis: 12 showed resolution and 2 showed de novo steatosis. Explant macrovesicular steatosis was associated with presence of steatosis 1 year after transplantation (binary logistic regression model, p = 0.014), but not macrovesicular steatosis in the donor graft at time-point of transplantation. Conclusion: Resolution of graft steatosis was frequent. Presence of steatosis in the recipient's liver, but not graft steatosis, was a risk factor for steatosis 1 year after transplantation. Factors related to the recipient seem to prevail over donor-related factors in determining the persistence or de novo appearance of steatosis after liver transplantation.
Steatosis
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β-Carbolines are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids. In this work, carbohydrate-derived β-carbolines (βCs), 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline isomers (1a/b), 1-(1,4,5-trihydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline (2), 1-(1,5-dihydroxypent-3-en-1-yl)-β-carboline (3), and 1-(1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline (4) were identified and analyzed in commercial foods. The concentrations of βCs 1–4 in foods ranged from undetectable to 11.4 μg/g levels, suggesting their intake in the diet. Processed foods contained higher amounts than fresh or unprocessed foods, and the highest content was found in processed tomato and fruit products, sauces, and baked foods. βCs 1–3 were formed in foods during heating, and 1a/b were the main compounds. The formation of carbohydrate-derived βCs was studied in model reactions of tryptophan and carbohydrates. They formed in reactions of tryptophan with glucose under acidic conditions at temperatures higher than 80 °C. The formation of 1a/b was favored, but 2–3 increased at high temperatures. Noticeably, the βCs 1–3 formed in the reactions of tryptophan with fructose or sucrose, and the formation from fructose was much higher than from glucose. Thus, fructose was the main carbohydrate involved in the formation of 1–3, whereas sucrose gave these βCs after acid hydrolysis. It is shown for the first time that the mechanism of formation of βCs 1–3 occurs from the sugar intermediate 3-deoxyglucosone that reacts with tryptophan affording these carbohydrate-derived βCs. A mechanism of reaction to give βCs 1–3 is proposed that relies on the tautomerism (keto–enediol or enamine–imine) of intermediates involved in the reaction. Carbohydrate βCs 1–4 were assessed as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO), as antioxidants, and for their interaction with DNA. They were not good inhibitors of MAO-A or -B, were poor antioxidants, and did not appreciably interact with DNA.
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Steatosis
Liver steatosis
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SUMMARY The influence on triglyceride turnover of diets rich in either carbohydrate or animal fat was studied in three normal men. A twofold to fourfold rise in plasma triglyceride concentration was brought about by the 3000 Calorie, 70% carbohydrate diet, but not by the 3000 Calorie, 50% animal fat diet. The turnover rate of palmitate in the triglycerides of very low density lipoproteins was greatly increased by the carbohydrate diet, but was not affected by the high fat diet. The carbohydrate‐induced rise in triglycerides was therefore associated with an increase in the synthesis of triglyceride. However, it was also found that diminished utilization contributed to the rise in triglyceride concentration. Characteristic changes in triglyceride fatty acid composition were observed after the carbohydrate diet. There was an absolute increase in the concentrations of palmitate, palmitoleate and oleate. Although there was a fall in the percentage content of linoleate, there was no change in the absolute linoleate concentration. The similarities in the findings obtained in this study and those described in hypertriglyceridæmic subjects with coronary heart disease suggest that excessive consumption of carbohydrate is responsible for the hypertriglyceridæmia of coronary heart disease.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Cells of 30 different strains of oral streptococci were grown in a chemically defined medium supplemented with [14C]glycerol to determine their ability to incorporate the labeled glycerol. Of the five species tested, only two, the rat-type strains (Streptococcus rattus) and strains isolated from wild rats (Streptococcus ferus), were able to incorporate the nonfermentable substrate, glycerol. For those strains capable of incorporating glycerol, the amount incorporated ranged from 0.15 to 0.43% of the cellular dry weight and followed simple saturation kinetics. The amount of glycerol incorporated depended solely on the concentration of glycerol in the growth medium. As a result, cultures exposed to low concentrations of glycerol ceased incorporation of the labeled glycerol before cessation of exponential growth.
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Abstract Background: Steatosis is diagnosed on the basis of the macroscopic aspect of the liver evaluated by the surgeon at the time of organ extraction or by means of a frozen biopsy. Aim: In the present study, the applicability of laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy was investigated as a method for the diagnosis of different degrees of steatosis experimentally induced in rats. Material and methods: Rats received a high‐lipid diet for different periods of time. The animals were divided into groups according to the degree of induced steatosis diagnosis by histology. The concentration of fat in the liver was correlated with LIF by means of the steatosis fluorescence factor (SFF). Results: The histology classification, according to liver fat concentration was, Severe Steatosis, Moderate Steatosis, Mild Steatosis and Control (no liver steatosis). Fluorescence intensity could be directly correlated with fat content. It was possible to estimate an average of fluorescence intensity variable by means of different confidence intervals ( P =95%) for each steatosis group. SFF was significantly higher in the Severe Steatosis group ( P <0.001) compared with the Moderate Steatosis, Mild Steatosis and Control groups. Conclusion: The various degrees of steatosis could be directly correlated with SFF. LIF spectroscopy proved to be a method capable of identifying the degree of hepatic steatosis in this animal model, and has the potential of clinical application for non‐invasive evaluation of the degree of steatosis.
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Liver steatosis
Histology
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Dietary Sucrose
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AIMS To evaluate the frequency and the severity of hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C patients, to identify the associated factors with the presence of steatosis and to determine the relationship between the presence of steatosis and severity of hepatic fibrosis. METHODS Lecture of hepatic biopsies was performed blindly by the same histopathologist, using the METAVIR grading. Hepatic steatosis was graded as macrovacuolar or microvesicular. Steatosis was considered as mild, moderate and severe if involving less than 10%, between 10 and 30% and more than 30% of hepatocytes respectively. RESULTS One hundred and nine patients were studied. Determination of the virus genotype was performed in 59 patients, with 93% of genotype 1. Significant fibrosis was noted in 72 patients (66%). Hepatic steatosis was detected in 53 cases (49%): Mild in 32 cases (30%), moderate in 9 cases (8%) and severe in 12 cases (11%). In univariate analysis, associated factors with steatosis are age more than 50 years, weight more than 65 kg, body mass index more than 25 kg/m2, ASAT levels more than 80 UI/l and ALAT levels more than 100 UI/l. In multivariate analysis, only body mass index more than 25 kg/m2 is associated with the presence of steatosis (p=0.02 OR [95%CI]: 3.37 [1.19-9.53]). Significant fibrosis was more frequently detected in patients with steatosis compared to patients without steatosis (42/53: 80% vs 30/56: 54%; p=0.004). CONCLUSION Hepatic steatosis is frequent in chronic viral hepatitis C. In our Tunisian population, steatosis is associated with body mass index and not with virological factors.
Steatosis
Univariate analysis
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The relationship between steatosis and angiogenesis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is unclear.The aim was to explain whether liver steatosis presence and its extent are associated with the number of new-formed blood vessels in lobules and portal tracts in CHC. 72 CHC patients infected with viral genotype 1b, 35 of whom had steatosis were evaluated. Monoclonal antibody anti-CD34 was used to identify new-formed blood vessels.Patients with steatosis had a significantly more advanced stage of fibrosis (p = 0.002) and higher inflammatory activity grade (p = 0.062). CD34 expression in portal tracts (CD34pt), lobules and fibrous septa (CD34lfs) and total (CD34) were significantly higher in patients with steatosis (p = 0.034; p = 0.021; p = 0.023, respectively). CD34, CD34pt and CD34lfs differed significantly between patients with various steatosis grade (p = 0.006; p = 0.009; p = 0.013, respectively). CD34 and CD34pt differed significantly between each steatosis grade whereas CD34lfs between grade 1 and 3. Fibrosis stage and inflammatory grade were positively associated with steatosis extent (p = 0.015; p = 0.003, respectively).Our observations suggest that extensive steatosis of liver parenchyma in CHC patients is associated with formation of new blood vessels in lobules and portal tracts. Understanding the relationship between steatosis, fibrosis and angiogenesis is therefore of great importance for the introduction of new therapeutic approaches and in the evaluation of CHC progression.
Steatosis
Liver steatosis
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