Through the smoke: Use of in vivo and in vitro cigarette smoking models to elucidate its effect on female fertility
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Tobacco smoke
Tobacco smoke
Third-hand smoke
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Since the 1960s, Taiwan has moved from the regime of high fertility to one of low fertility. There is an abundant literature dealing with fertility decline in Taiwan. However, these studies and other studies like them focus almost exclusively on female fertility. Male fertility patterns and determinants have largely been ignored. This chapter brings men into the analysis when studying the fertility transition in Taiwan. It compares male and female fertility patterns and determinants in Taiwan and in 23 sub-regions of Taiwan. The results show that male fertility differs from female fertility in both rates and determinants. The findings remind researchers to take men into consideration in fertility studies and suggest that fertility theories explaining male fertility changes may need to be constructed.
Male fertility
Total fertility rate
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Intestinal Microbiome
Gut microbiome
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BACKGROUNDEnvironmental tobacco smoke has been blamed for approximately 40,000 excess deaths from heart disease annually in the United States. As yet, no pathophysiological process that could be responsible for these deaths has been identified. Environmental tobacco smoke is composed mainly of aged and diluted sidestream smoke but also contains 15% to 20% exhaled mainstream smoke. Carcinogens, including nitrosamines and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, are present in mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke. Carcinogen levels in sidestream smoke, unlike those in mainstream smoke, are not reduced in filtered cigarettes. The US Environmental Protection Agency has designated environmental tobacco smoke as a human (class A) carcinogen. In cockerels, subtumorigenic doses of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons carcinogens accelerate aortic arteriosclerotic plaque development.METHODS AND RESULTSTo determine whether sidestream smoke inhalation affects arteriosclerotic plaque development, we exposed cockerels to side...
Tobacco smoke
Passive smoking
Third-hand smoke
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Building corridor is the only way to pass in fire evacuation, at the same time, it is the main way for smoke to spread. A numerical simulation of the fire smoke flow in the typical room-corridor model is presented. The influence of smoke-proof pendant wall on fire smoke flow is obtained. The results shown that smoke-proof pendant wall can effectively prevent the spread of the smoke, and improve the efficiency of the smoke ejection of the fire area; the higher drooping height of the smoke-proof pendant is, the better smoke ejection effect you will get, on the premise of the safe evacuation, it should try to increase the drooping height of the smoke-proof pendant. When using the smoke-proof pendant to divide smoke zone, we should set smoke exhaust outlets in the central of the smoke zone.
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H. R. Bentley and J. G. Burgan, Analyst, 1960, 85, 727 DOI: 10.1039/AN9608500727
Benzopyrene
Tobacco smoke
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Alloocimene was not found to be a constituent of cigarette smoke under test conditions that allowed 86 percent recovery when authentic alloocimene was added to the smoke. In the same experiments dipentene was found to the extent of 0.2 percent of the smoke condensate.
Third-hand smoke
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Third-hand smoke
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Abstract This study presents the results on the influence of cigarette moisture content to the chemical composition of particulate phase smoke. Seventy-five selected compounds were monitored for the comparison of particulate phase smoke of a commercial full-flavored (FF) cigarette with three different moisture contents at 7.8%, 14.5% and 20.4%, respectively. It was demonstrated that the smoke of a dry cigarette is richer in lower molecular mass compounds than a regular cigarette. On the other hand, the smoke of a moist cigarette is richer in higher molecular mass compounds than a regular cigarette. To maximize the influence of cigarette moisture to the chemical composition, a separate set of measurements were done using only the first three puffs of smoke. The accumulation of moisture in the tobacco column of a burning cigarette may influence the smoke composition, as generated during burning. The differences between dry, regular and moist cigarettes were more obvious for the first three puffs.
Third-hand smoke
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