Apical Development and Growth of Barley under Different CO2 and Nitrogen Regimes
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Abstract Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration have stimulated interest in the response of agricultural crops to elevated levels of CO 2 . Several studies have addressed the response of C 3 cereals to CO 2 , but the interactive effect of nutrient supply and CO 2 on apical development and spikelet set and survival has not been investigated thoroughly. Hence, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effect of high (700 μmol CO 2 mol −1 air) and low (400 μmol mol −1 ) levels of atmospheric CO 2 on apical development, spikelet set and abortion, and pre‐ and post‐anthesis growth in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under high N (0.3 g N pot −1 before sowing −1–0.11 g N pot −1 week −1 ) and low N (0.3 g N pot −1 ) regimes. The plants were grown in 5 L pots. Development of spike was hastened due to CO 2 enrichment, and the C+ plants pollinated few days earlier than the C— plants. Carbon dioxide enrichment had no effect on date of ripening. Development of spike slowed following application of extra N, and plants pollinated 10 days later and matured 2 weeks later when compared with plants under low N. Carbon dioxide enrichment did not affect the number of spikelets at anthesis. Excess N decreased spikelet abortion and the increased maximum number of spikelets under both [CO 2 ]. Barley plants did not tiller when grown in low [CO 2 ] and low N. Increased endogenous IAA concentration in those plants, recorded three days before tillers appeared in other treatments, may have contributed to this. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the C concentration of plants, but decreased the N concentration under high N regime. Both the C and N concentration of plants were increased under high N regime. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the total dry matter of mature plants by 9 % under high N regime and by 21 % under low N regime. Under high [CO 2 ] increased kernel number on tiller spikes, and increased kernel weight both on main stem and on tiller spikes resulted in a 23 % increase in kernel yield under low N regime and 76 % increase in kernel yield under high N regime. The rate of N application influenced growth and yield components to a greater extent than CO 2 enrichment. At maturity, plant dry matter, kernel weight, the number of kernels per spike, and the number of spikes per plant were higher under high N regime than under low N regime. Long days (16 h), low light intensity (280 μmol m −2 s −1 ), and at constant temperature of 20 °C high [CO 2 ] increased kernel weight and the number of kernels on tiller spikes under high and low N application rate, but did not increase the number of kernels on main stem spike, or the number of tillers or tiller spikes per plant.Keywords:
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Tiller (botany)
Vegetative reproduction
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The vascular system of the Hordeum vulgare L. leaf consists of multiple longitudinal strands interconnected by transverse bundles. In any transverse section, the longitudinal strands can be categorized into three bundle types: small, intermediate, and large. Individual longitudinal strands intergrade structurally from one bundle type into another as they descend the leaf. At their distal ends, they have the anatomy of a small bundle. As they descend the leaf, most intergrade into intermediate bundle and then into large bundle types. All strands with large bundle anatomy extend basipetally into the stem. Typically, the other longitudinal strands, which do not intergrade structurally into large bundles, do not enter the sheath, but fuse with other longitudinal strands above the junction of the blade with the sheath. Despite the decrease in number of longitudinal bundles entering the sheath, an increase takes place in the total crosssectional area of sieve tubes and tracheary elements. A linear relationship exists between leaf width and total bundle number in the blade but not in the sheath. Moreover, a linear relationship exists between cross-sectional area of vascular bundles and both total and mean cross-sectional area of tracheary elements and thin-walled sieve tubes.
Hordeum
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The number of tillers of Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link clone depends on its clone size. Vegetative tiller in the clone holds the dominant position and its proportion is 69.15% . The number of vegetative tiller is 2.24 times the one of productive tillers and its biomass and yield are more than the one of reproductive tiller, the mean weight of each reproductive tiller is 2.17 times the one of each vegetative tiller. So, biomass of the clone is divided equally between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. Biomass of the clone and yields of the vegetative tillers and yields of the reproductive tillers are positively correlated to the clone size and the number of tillers in the Hordeum brevisubulatum clone. The mean weight of each tiller is decreased power functionally with increasing the number of tiller, so does the mean weight of each reproductive tiller. The buds of the clone are increased regularly with increasing the clone size and tillers. Among the 30 clones, earing percent is comparatively consistant.
Tiller (botany)
clone (Java method)
Vegetative reproduction
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The growth and development of buds, flowers and fruits of two varieties of Capsicum annuum L. were studied. These two varieties are easily distinguishable by their fruit characteristics. Cell division takes place mainly in the bud stage (pre-anthesis). Cell division takes place at the base of the ovary wall and pericarp during anthesis and post-anthesis. Shape of the fruit is, especially in one variety, already clearly distinguishable in the pre-anthesis and is predominantly determined by cell division. Size of the fruit is determined by elongation during anthesis and post-anthesis.
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Capsicum annuum
Bud
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In the previous papers, it was reported that the effect of high temperature on fruit setting and yield differed by the growth stages of seedlings, and it was also suggested that this result was due to the difference in susceptibility of flower buds and flowers of different stages of development on the seedlings to high temperature.Experiments reported here were conducted to determine the effect of high temperature on the flower buds and flowers of different stages of development, the stages of buds being accurately defined by measuring their length. As high correlation was found between the length of flower buds and the duration of time to their anthesis, the stages of flower buds were expressed in terms of days to anthesis.Seedlings of two groups (in one group, the first flower of first cluster just opened; and in another group, all the flowers in first cluster opened) were exposed to 40°C for three hours daily, twice.Percentage of setting of flower buds treated 11 days before anthesis was 100%, 9-5 days before 10-20%, 3 days before 70%, and one day before 100%. Percentage of setting of flowers 1-3 days after anthesis was 20%, and 8 days after anthesis 100%. Thus it was revealed that flower buds of 9-5 days before anthesis and flowers of 1-3 days after anthesis were highly susceptible to high temperature.Hand pollination with normal pollen increased the setting percentage of flowers which had been treated 7-5 days before anthesis to 60%, but failed to increase the set of flower buds treated at other stages. This result shows that the high temperature treatment affected both pistill and stamen in the flower buds of 9 days before anthesis, while it affected mainly stamen in the buds of 7-5 days before anthesis.p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) spray improved setting of flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis, but did not increase the setting of flowers treated at their bud stages.Considerable number of small fruits appeared from the flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis. CPA spray on these flowers after high temperature treatment did not alter this tendency.Percentage of puffy fruits, though degree of puffiness was very slight, was increased by the high temperature treatment. CPA spray increased green gelatinous fruits, and the high temperature had a synergistic effect on the incidence of these fruits.Highly positive correlation was found between the number of seeds per fruit and fruit weight. Fruit weight per seed was 0.36g in the control, 0.34g in the plot treated with CPA, and 0.49g in the plot treated with high temperature.
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By the method of digging up whole tiller tuft, this paper quantitatively analyzed the module structure and growth pattern of Stipa baicalansis clone under the cultural conditions in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China. The results showed that after two growth seasons of vegetative reproduction, the tuft size of the clone in its growth stopping period at the end of September was 9.4 +/- 3.24 cm, and the total number of the clonal modules was 161.5 +/- 85.2, among which, the individuals of reproductive and vegetative tillers were 14.6 +/- 11.48 and 146.9 +/- 78.70, occupying 9.25% and 90.75% of the total, respectively. The total biomass of the clonal modules was 53.8 +/- 34.22 g, and the biomass of reproductive and vegetative tillers was 25.0 +/- 20.34 g and 28.8 +/- 19.43 g, occupying 43.75% and 56.25% of the total, respectively. With the increase of tuft size, the number of different modules was in a linear isogony growth, while their biomass was in an power allometry growth. There was a significant (P < 0.05) or very significant (P < 0.01) power positive correlation between the biomass of different modules and the number and total biomass of clonal modules. The mean productivity of unit reproductive tiller was about ten times higher than that of unit vegetative tiller, and the phenotype plasticity of the number and biomass of reproductive tiller was larger than that of vegetative tiller.
Tiller (botany)
Vegetative reproduction
Tuft
clone (Java method)
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Tiller is an important breeding characteristic of rice.Based on the regularity,influence factors,enhanced conditions and management of rice tiller,it is illustrated rice tiller to full display has the vital significance to increase rice production.
Tiller (botany)
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Hordeum
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Hordeum
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Anthesis
Vegetative reproduction
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