High-resolution organic polymer light-emitting pixels fabricated by imprinting technique
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We have developed an approach to fabricate pixelated organic polymer light-emitting devices (OPLED) using an imprinting technique. The pixel array pattern was first defined in an insulating polymer layer on indium tin oxide glass by direct imprinting, followed by the spin-coating of OPLED polymers and cathode metal deposition. We demonstrated successful fabrication and operation of OPLED pixels of sizes from 50 μm down to 2 μm. Optoelectronic characterization is performed on these devices, and measured results show comparable device performance with OPLED pixels patterned by other methods. This fabrication scheme holds many merits such as easy to process, low-cost, high yield, expandable to flexible substrate, capable of repeated imprinting for large area arrays, and the potential to pattern submicron and nanoscale organic polymer light emitters.Keywords:
Indium tin oxide
Imprinting (psychology)
Spin Coating
Sexual imprinting occurs when juveniles learn mate preferences by observing the phenotypes of other members of their populations, and it is ubiquitous in nature. Imprinting strategies, that is which individuals and phenotypes are observed and how strong preferences become, vary among species. Imprinting can affect trait evolution and the probability of speciation, and different imprinting strategies are expected to have different effects. However, little is known about how and why different imprinting strategies evolve, or which strategies we should expect to see in nature. We used a mathematical model to study how the evolution of sexual imprinting depends on (1) imprinting costs and (2) the sex-specific fitness effects of the phenotype on which individuals imprint. We found that even small fixed costs prevent the evolution of sexual imprinting, but small relative costs do not. When imprinting does evolve, we identified the conditions under which females should evolve to imprint on their fathers, their mothers, or on other members of their populations. Our results provide testable hypotheses for empirical work and help to explain the conditions under which sexual imprinting might evolve to promote speciation.
Imprinting (psychology)
Trait
Genomic Imprinting
Ecological speciation
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Imprinting (psychology)
Precocial
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Imprinting (psychology)
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Imprinting (psychology)
Neural system
Genomic Imprinting
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Imprinting (psychology)
Decoy
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Although extant research has examined numerous determinants of internationalization, little is known about the role played by the imprinting effects of firms at incorporation. Drawing on organizational imprinting, institutional and resource-based theories, we examine how internationalization of firms is contingent on the interplay between the economic and institutional environment at the time of the firms’ founding, and the identity of the firms’ founders. Utilizing a unique design methodology that encapsulates the 1997-1998
Imprinting (psychology)
Resource-Based View
Resource dependence theory
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Chicks exposed to a moving model during their critical period for imprinting will subsequently demonstrate a preference for that model if it is stationary. In preference tests with moving models, other preferences appear to over-ride the effects of the imprinting experience.
Imprinting (psychology)
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Imprint is a specialized type of learning that affects permanent and irreversible changes in the behavior of individuals. It is best explored in birds, even though it occurs in other animals as well, and main component of this phenomenon is the sensitive period. Filial imprinting, which allows a young to know its mother, and sexual, which enables it to recognize potential partners, are the two best-known types of imprinting. Both types are best explored in various bird species, and although they have some common characteristics, these two types of imprinting differ primarily with regard to the time when sensitive period appears. In addition, while the characteristic of filial imprinting is preferring individual that is considered to be its mother, in sexual imprinting, the animal creates preferences for features of species, and not particular individuals. Another important imprint type is song imprinting which allows young individuals to learn song of its own species. The effects of this phenomenon depend on many factors, such as species, time and duration of exposure to a particular stimulus, and in some species even gender. However, the imprinting is in many cases irreversible, as it is claimed in history of research, and complete understanding of it requires a lot of research.
Imprinting (psychology)
Stimulus (psychology)
Phenomenon
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The potential effects of maternal care-related stimuli on imprinting in domestic chicks were examined. In the first phase, one group of chicks received a simulated brooding experience with a primary imprinting object during two training sessions, whereas chicks in another group received exposure to the object without being brooded. In subsequent testing, the brooded chicks showed a robust preference for the primary imprinting object, whereas the non-brooded chicks showed a weaker preference for the object. In the second phase, one group of chicks was exposed to a secondary imprinting object associated with a feeding opportunity, whereas another group received exposure to the object in the absence of such an experience. In subsequent testing, the fed chicks showed a strong preference for the secondary imprinting object, whereas the non-fed chicks showed no preference. These results suggest that stimuli experienced through usual maternal care may be an important factor in filial imprinting.
Imprinting (psychology)
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Drawing on a survey of randomly selected firms from 12 representative Chinese cities, we analyze the differences between Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non-SOEs in their organizational welfare practices. We apply the organizational imprinting theory to explain these differences. The institutional environment during the firms’ founding period has a lasting effect on their current practices. Only the most significant changes in the institutional environment weaken the organizational imprinting effect. By focusing our analyses on Chinese SOEs, this research enriches and extends the organizational imprinting theory and its implications to a transitional economy. In addition, our research has managerial and policy implications for managing Chinese SOEs in a changing domestic and global environment.
Imprinting (psychology)
State owned
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