Usefulness of Sonication of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices to Enhance Microbial Detection
Avish NagpalRobin PatelKerryl E. Greenwood‐QuaintanceLarry M. BaddourDavid T. LynchBrian D. LahrJoseph J. MaleszewskiPaul A. FriedmanDavid L. HayesM. Rizwan Sohail
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Sonication
Microbiological culture
There are different graphene loadings (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 vol%) were used in order to study the effect graphene loading using different type of ultrasonication. Two types of ultrasonication: bath and tip sonication were applied in the preparation of epoxy/graphene nanocomposites. Effect of different ultrasonication applied on the mechanical properties and morphology of nanocomposites were investigated. By using tip sonication, epoxy/graphene shown better improvement in the mechanical properties due to direct ultrasonication that generates higher sound pressures and intensity compared to bath sonication which is indirect ultrasonication. Besides, epoxy/graphene nanocomposites prepared using tip sonication exhibits greater fracture toughness where lower intensity and non-uniform sonication effect failed to achieve optimum dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets and also its distribution using bath sonication. Rougher surface with increased deflected crack lines was observed on the samples that prepared using tip sonication further proven that more fracture energy was dissipated which inhibits the propagation of cracks and hence delayed the failure of nanocomposites.
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We demonstrate the use of novel type of sonication method, focused sonication, with added advantages over bath and probe type of sonication for the dispersion of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Di-chloro benzene was used as the solvent for dispersion of SWNT. Results from focused sonication and bath sonication were compared and found that focused sonication results in better dispersion. Also Raman spectroscopy was analysed to ascertain if focused sonication causes any damage to the tubes and it was found that there was no damage to the SWNT. We believe that with the added advantages like in-situ temperature control and large sample volume processing, focused sonication would prove to be the most proficient method of sonication for dispersion of nanoparticles.
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As the first step of studies related to production of chitooligosaccharides by physical methods, chitosan solution were sonicated with 20 kHz and various treatment effects were examined to present fundamental data of sonicated chitosan solution. Intrinsic viscosity of chitosan solution sharply decreased from 3.76 dl/g to 2.90 dl/g until 5 minutes of sonication and then slowly decreased. With low volume of chitosan solution, sonication was very effective and temperature of chitosan solution slightly affected the efficiency of sonication. In case of changing the solvent, no significant differences were observed on the effect of sonication, however, acetate buffer had highest sonication effect among various solvents. The sonication effect was increased as the increasement of the value of pH, on the contrary, ionic strength and type of counterions showed no effect on sonication. With these results, we assumed that optimal sonication treatment would be as follows, solution volume was , temperature range was , pH value of solution was 4.5 and type of solvent was acetate buffer.
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Injectable poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) carries the risk of nodule or microlump formation. Various methods including sonication have been tried to minimize these adverse effects of PLLA.This study investigated the change in size, distribution, and properties of PLLA particles after sonication, and the duration of sonication needed to reach the ideal particle size.Two indicators, the average size of PLLA particles and diameter at 90%, were measured at each timepoint: at 0, 10, 60, 120, and 240 minutes of sonication. The characteristics and particle shape were assessed at 0 and 240 minutes.The average particle size and the diameter at 90% decreased drastically until 10 minutes of sonication and then increased slightly at 60 minutes. After 60 minutes, the average size and the diameter at 90% gradually decreased over time and reached 42.2 μm and 75.7 μm, respectively, at 120 minutes. After 240 minutes of sonication, the average particle size was 35.9 μm, much smaller than the smallest proper size required (40 μm). Standard deviation decreased gradually over time, which means that a more even distribution was obtained. Crystalline remnants were significantly less left with 120 minutes sonication compared to those with 120 minutes hydration only. PLLA particles were more cracked at the center, and microcrystals were more loosely distributed at the periphery after 120 minutes sonication.Sonication help reduce the average size of PLLA particles and achieve more even distribution. Therefore, we believe sonication may attribute to the safer use of PLLA.
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A sonication process was developed by means of which the deagglomeration of the particles of commercial densified silica fume (CSF) was achieved: an increase in the amount of submicrometric particles was obtained, which finally yielded a larger specific surface area. Sonicated silica fume (SSF) (prepared with an ultrasound probe, working in a water/silica fume suspension) was obtained starting from different tests in which parameters such as treating time and power level of sonication were varied. After sonication treatment, the commercial CSF (with 59.64 μm mean particle diameter) was converted to samples with mean particle diameter of about 5 μm, with an increase of the volume percentage of particles with diameter lower than 1 μm (more than 50%). With a longer sonication time and higher sonication power level it was possible to obtain a greater quantity of submicrometric particles. A threshold power level was identified below which the sonication process was not effective
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一半顺序的重新组合离子的自我补充肽 CH3CO-Pro-Ser-Phe-Cys-Phe-Lys-Phe-Glu-Pro-NH2 被报导，它能进稳定的 nanofibers 自我装配、形成 hydrogel 由组成 >99% 水。在这研究， nanofiber 支架是由超声的房间 disruptor 的 sonicated。sonication 的效果被通报检测二色性(CD ) ，原子力量显微镜学(AFM ) ，和流变学。AFM 图象说明了 sonicated 碎裂，这能快速重新集合进 nanofibers，当形态学从原来的是可区分的时。CD 光谱表明变换主要在常规海滨之间发生了结构和弄歪的海滨结构。Rheological 分析证明在在 sonication 以后的第 7 天的肽解决方案的存储模量(G) 在 sonication 前与解决方案的值相比在将近 40% 减少了。最后，一个嘴巧的变换模型被建议解释重新组合过程。
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Sonication of implants has been shown to be a promising method for diagnosis of prosthetic infections due to its improved sensitivity, simplicity, and low cost. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ultrasound performed under different conditions regarding temperature, duration, and composition of sonication tubes on bacterial species often associated with prosthetic infections. We found that ultrasound had an inhibitory effect on bacteria, of which gram-negative bacteria, in particular Escherichia coli, were almost eradicated after 5 min of sonication at 35 degrees C. Gram-positive bacteria were found to be resistant to the effect of ultrasound. Four factors were important for the inhibitory effect of sonication: the type of microorganism, the temperature of the sonication buffer, the duration of exposure to ultrasound (minutes), and the material and composition of the sonication tube in which sonication is performed. On the basis of the results from the present study, we propose a protocol for sonication and recovery of bacteria associated with biofilm on infected implants prior to conventional culture. From the present protocol, we recommend sonication for 7 min at 22 degrees C at the maximum effect which permits survival of gram-negative bacteria.
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The use of ultrasonic energy for chemical synthesis has recently become an interesting and growing area of research. Using this form of energy, we have synthesized nanoparticles of SnO2 (8–30 nm) at room temperature by a sonication assisted precipitation technique. In order to understand the effect of ultrasonic energy on particle size and their distribution, the precipitation time was varied during the preparation. A sonication time of 3 h was found to be optimum to produce SnO2 nanoparticles having size below 10 nm. We found that a gradual increase of the sonication time gradually decreases the particle size with interesting morphology and increased surface area. The butane sensing properties of the synthesized powders exhibited a direct influence of the sonication time on the sensing properties. A 3 h sonicated sample, exhibited a maximum response of around 98.88% towards 5000 ppm butane at 450 °C with a fast recovery time.
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본 연구에서는 단일 초음파 조사와 두 개의 저강도 초음파의 중첩 조사 시 발생하는 가열 특성을 평가하였다. 비교결과 단일 조사 조건보다 중첩 조사에서 보다 우수한 온열 효과를 보였으며 최대 상승 온도도 120-150% 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 초음파 조사에 의한 가열 개시 시간이 중첩 조사에서 짧아지며, 최대 가열 온도까지 소요되는 시간 역시 짧아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 초음파 조사 강도가 커지면 매질의 표면 손상을 유발하는데, 저강도 중첩조사의 경우 표면의 손상없이 동일한 온도 상승 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 초음파 치료 시 적용 강도를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 생각되었으며, 저강도 초음파를 사용함으로써 보다 안전하고 효율적인 초음파 치료가 가능할 것으로 판단된다. In this study, we evaluated the heating characteristics of single sonication and superposed two low-intensity ultrasonic sonication. Compare the results, the superposed sonication was showed a superior thermal effect than single sonication. And the maximum temperature was increased as 120-150%. The starting time of temperature rising has been shortened in superposed sonication. In addition, the time up to the maximum temperature has been shortened, too. In generally, as the ultrasonic intensity is higher, the more surface damage is occurred. However, in the case of superposed sonication, the same thermal effect had be confirmed without surface damage. Through the results of the study, we thought that the superposed sonication will be able to reduce the intensity of the ultrasonic treatment. And, by using the low-intensity, the more safe and more effect therapy will be possible in therapeutic ultrasound application.
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