Social variation in Shoshoni phonology: An ecological interpretation
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Variation (astronomy)
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Firstly,according to variation contents,the paper divides variation into operating range variation,construction condition variation,design variation,construction variation and technique standards variation. Contraposing to different content variation,the paper puts forward dissimilar control methods. According to the property of project variation,the paper divides variation into fatal variation,important variation and general variation,and points out that we can control variation effectively by establishing dissimilar authority of project variation examination and approval. Finally,according to the urgency of variation,the paper divides variation into variation under urgent circumstance and variation under not urgent circumstance,and puts forward that we can control these variation by different procedure.
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The Munsee language as spoken on the Moraviantown Reserve in the late 1960s had extensive phonological, lexical, and morphological variation among the small number of surviving speakers. Some of this variation can be attributed to the diverse origins of the population, and some apparently results from recent change, but lexical variation in particular was accepted by speakers as an integral feature of Moraviantown speech. Each speaker had a personal dialect, whose distinguishing features were often explicitly recognized by others.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction What is sociolinguistic variation in child language? Child-directed speech Acquisition of dialectal norms Conclusions References
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Speech community
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Variation (astronomy)
Indexicality
Cohesion (chemistry)
Speech community
Sociolinguistics
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Under the theory of speech community, the author of this paper has conducted a survey and summarized the variation patterns of new Suzhou dialect. And on that basis, a proof is obtained that the young in Suzhou constitute a speech community. Meanwhile, the method of quantitative analysis is applied to investigate the language attitudes of the young. Finally, from dialectal perspective, the trend of the phonological variation and development is discussed and the attitudes to dialect and the corresponding problems are analyzed. On the basis of this, the ways to resolve the problems are proposed in the paper.
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Cross-talks and sketches are two important forms of language art in our country. They are popular with a wide range of audiences around the country due to their humorous language. Language variation is a very important means of creating humor effect. In cross-talks and sketches,various forms of language variation, including phonetic variation, lexical variation,grammar variation, semantic variation,stylistic variation and pragmatic variation,are applied to realize humor effect.
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Preview this article: Urban Influence on Phonological Variation in a Northern Irish Speech Community, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/eww.6.1.04pit-1.gif
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Author(s): Palakurthy, Kayla | Advisor(s): Mithun, Marianne | Abstract: Linguistic variation is a fundamental component of human language, and the study of how speakers and listeners ascribe subtle social meaning to linguistic variants has revealed important insights for linguistic theory. Variants also constitute the seeds of potential linguistic changes within a speech community, and patterns of the linguistic and social factors that condition contemporary variation inform what we know about the actuation and diffusion of linguistic changes. However, while sociolinguistic variation has been extensively studied in many monolingual communities speaking large global languages, it is less often studied at the same level of depth in minority languages in multilingual contexts, and relatively few studies have focused on variation and change in Native American languages. Based on interviews with participants aged 18–75, this dissertation presents an investigation of variation in contemporary Dine bizaad (Navajo), a Southern Dene (Athabaskan) language spoken by over 100,000 speakers dispersed throughout a large area in the present-day American Southwest. Through an analysis of three variable features in the speech of the fifty-one bilingual Dine bizaad-English participants, this project quantitatively analyzes the linguistic and social factors that condition variation and evaluates evidence for incipient or ongoing changes in these features. Alongside the quantitative analysis, I present a qualitative description of language attitudes and usage among these bilingual speakers. Chapters 1, 2, and 3 provide the theoretical, sociocultural, and methodological context for this study. Chapter 1 puts forth my approach to analyzing variation and change and describes how I draw on work from the fields of variationist sociolinguistics, language contact, and language documentation. Chapter 1 also includes sociohistorical background on the Dine language and people. Chapter 2 presents an overview of Dine grammar, and chapter 3 an overview of the documentation methods. Chapter 4 examines the aspiration of /th/ and /kh/, famous for their exceptionally long and variably fricated releases. Phonetic analysis indicates that the releases of /kh/ have shortened, while releases of /th/ remain long. I argue that the changes in /kh/ are motivated by phonological similarity to English [kh], while the salience of the stronger affrication of /th/, represented in some earlier descriptions as /tx/, inhibits a similar conflation, and results in a different trajectory of change. Chapter 5 presents an analysis of variation and change in the laterally-released affricates: unaspirated /tl ~ /kl/ and ejective /tɬ’/ ~ /kɬ’/. Results show evidence for two changes-in-progress, of which unaspirated /kl/ is a more recent innovation, propagated by younger speakers. In contrast, the ejective variant /kɬ’/ is produced by speakers of all generations including some older speakers, even those who primarily speak Dine bizaad. These changes are motivated both by phonetic similarity and a high degree of bilingualism in the speech community. Chapter 6 investigates variation and change in the usage of the multi-functional particle nit’ee’ in discourse. The particle functions primarily as a temporal discourse sequencer, often introducing sudden or new events, and as a marker of habitual past. Overall the functions and syntactic distribution of nit’ee’ found in these stories are very similar to those recorded in earlier texts, suggesting that the development of these functions is not a new phenomenon. I discuss how an analysis of polygrammaticalization can account for the synchronic functions. Chapter 7 presents an analysis of prominent contemporary language usage, attitudes, and ideologies that emerge from discussions about linguistic variation and language practices. The results show a more advanced stage of language shift than was observed in earlier studies: Dine bizaad continues to be widely associated with Elders, family, ceremonial practices, and the Navajo Nation government, while speakers of all ages report using English as their primary communicative code. At the same time, Dine bizaad continues to be valued for its expressive and complex nature, its function as a link to Dine identity, and connection to family, especially grandparents. These results are in line with earlier studies foretelling ongoing shift, but the continuity of ideological value may prove useful in ongoing maintenance and revitalization efforts. Finally, chapter 8 summarizes the results and discusses implications for these findings.
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Navajo
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Sociolinguistics
American English
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Over the past ten years the study of language in its social context has become a mature field with a substantial body of method and empirical results. As a result of this work we are arriving at new insights into such classical problems as the origin and diffusion of linguistic change, the nature of stylistic variation in language use, and the effect of class structure on linguistic variation within a speech community. Advances in sociolinguistics have been most evident in the study of co-variation between social context and the sound pattern of speech. The results reported in numerous monographs have laid the basis for substantial theoretical progress in our understanding of the factors that govern dialect variation in stratified communities, at least in its phonological aspect. The formulation of theories of the causes of phonological variation that go beyond guesswork and vague generalities appears at last to be possible. Therefore, we offer the following discussion, based on the material that is now available, as a contribution to the development of an explanatory theory of the mechanisms underlying social dialect variation. Although we shall state our views strongly, we know that they are far from definitive. We present them, not as positions to be defended at all costs, but as stimuli to further theoretical reflection in a field that has been, thus far, descriptively oriented.
Variation (astronomy)
Sociolinguistics
Speech community
Dialectology
Sound change
Language Change
Empirical Research
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Linguistic variation is found in all living languages, and sociolinguistic research reveals how variants can carry social meaning and reflect ongoing linguistic changes. Attitudes towards such linguistic heterogeneity may vary significantly within and across speech communities, with implications for how variants are evaluated and presented in pedagogical contexts. This chapter presents findings from representative studies of sociolinguistic variation in North American languages, alongside those analyzing attitudes towards variation. When considered together, this body of work reveals that the demographic categories of age, region, and gender meaningfully pattern with some language-internal lexical, phonological, and grammatical variation, and research shows that an increased understanding of sociolinguistic variation can inform community- based language projects. Beyond their potential relevance to maintenance and reclamation efforts, these studies expand the typological diversity of the field of sociolinguistics by including communities representing different sociocultural contexts than those that are typically the focus of sociolinguistic research.
Variation (astronomy)
Sociolinguistics
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Relevance
Sociocultural linguistics
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