Site, gender and age variation in normal skin colour on the back and the forearm: tristimulus colorimeter measurements
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Background/aims: To study whether anatomical location and age and gender of subjects had any influence on the objective skin colour measurements. Methods: Baseline colour in prone position was measured with the Minolta ChromaMeter® in the upper, middle and lower level of the upper back and on the forearm of 168 volunteers. These two sites are commonly used in skin testing. Results and conclusions: Higher basal a* and lower basal L * levels were found on the upper scapular region compared to the lower scapular region and the subscapular region. The basal b * level showed no variation relative to site. The basal a* and the basal b * levels were lower on the forearm compared to the upper back while the basal L * level was higher. Females above 65 years showed a less coloured skin with lower values as compared to those of younger age. Females were found to have a generally lower basal a* level than males both on the upper back and forearm skin. These relatively major differences and sources of variation have to be considered when planning irritancy studies where colour differences between erythema and normal skin is used.Keywords:
Basal (medicine)
Erythema
Colorimeter
The analysis of the chemical solutions for various applications is an essential part of the industries, mainly in production sectors, to know the solution's quantity and quality. Its absorption value gives the solution's quality, and its percentage concentration gives the quantity of the solution. The appropriate solution will give desired results which will help to user achieving set goals. For analyzing chemical and color solutions, a low cost, portable, lightweight colorimeter is designed, giving information about solutions absorbance and concentration. The colorimeter consists of the TCS 3200 color sensor, which has 64 photodiodes as detectors and four LEDs as light source, and an Arduino Uno board for processing output from the color sensor in the plastic box. In the colorimeter, the light source and detector are placed in opposite directions usually, but in this designed colorimeter, they both are at the same place, and due to that, the cost for a separate detector and its space is reduced. Further, some solutions absorbance and concentration are checked, and it is compared with Cool Spectrophotometer 100 of BSR technologies and found an error of less than 6 percent for all solutions.
Colorimeter
Absorbance
Photodiode
Color measurement
Colorimetry
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A direct-reading ratio-sensitive CIE tristimulus colorimeter employing photovoltaic cells is described. Its characteristics as a function of cell loading and cell illumination have been examined. The instrument is insensitive to large variations in light level provided there is no attendant color change. The ratio sensitive colorimeter is simpler to operate than the conventional current balance since the preliminary normalizing adjustment is eliminated. This property allows the ratio colorimeter to be used to continuously monitor color.
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Colorimetry
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Abstract A paper-based colorimeter for absorbance and concentration measurement of the food colouring dye is proposed. The paper-based colorimeter system consists of a white LED as light source, paper-based cuvette holder, and smartphone light sensor. The paper-based colorimeter with smartphone light sensor is low-cost, mobile and real-time for the detection of colouring dye concentration. The detection response of the paper-based colorimeter system was found to be linear with the colouring dye concentration in the range from 0 to 0.025 g/mL with a correlation coefficient (R2) 0.89±0.04. The experimental results show that this paper-based colorimeter system is highly sensitive and have a potential application, from student labs to small industries.
Colorimeter
Cuvette
Absorbance
Colorimetry
Color measurement
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Objective To study the feasibility of clinical application of the electronic colorimeter,and compare its clinical effect with visual colorimeter.Method The 40 patients with contralateral upper incisor in cervical,middle and incisal positions was tested using Vita3D-Master shade guide and electronic colorimeter.Porcelain crown made of two kinds of colorimeter and corresponding natural teeth were analyzed by digital cameras on CIE L a b color system.Results There was significant difference between the △E of electronic colorimeter and the △E of the visual colorimeter(P 0.05).The lightness difference △L of these two colorimeteries had statistics significance(P 0.05),while the chroma difference porcelain △C and △H did not have.Patients of the two groups with porcelain crown to restore the effect of color had no significant difference in satisfaction.Conclusion The clinical effect of electronic colorimeter is better than visual colorimeter and is a good supplementary tool for the clinician.
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Color difference
Lightness
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Leaf coloration for 9 plant species measured with a Hunter colorimeter showed major variations between plants and leaves within a plant, but minor variations associated with reading position within leaves and instrument. The lower leaf surface was more sensitive to color differences. The magnitude of variation between leaves was dependent on species. The colorimeter provides quantitative information for comparing plant leaves.
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A high-end laboratory colorimeter and three commercial colorimeters are applied to evaluate the bending strength of the wood used for the roofing material called the cedar wooden-shingle boards. Here, a function analyzing the relationship between the bending strength and the color of woods are used in this application. The function was derived based on the result obtained from a high-end laboratory colorimeter. The strength was then calculated using the function based on the results from commercial colorimeters. The evaluated results shows the strong influences of the structure of the colorimeter, especially the measurement geometry.
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Mechanical strength
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Abstract This article describes the design, construction, and evaluation of a visual colorimeter for use in studies of color perception in the natural environment. The colorimeter is portable, has a low power consumption, and produces luminances typical of those found outdoors. An asymmetric binocular‐matching procedure is used to match the colors of natural objects. The performance of the colorimeter was tested by comparing chromaticities of matches of colored papers to spectrophotometric measurements.
Colorimeter
Colored
Colorimetry
Color measurement
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Colorimeter
Color measurement
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Colorimeter
Chromaticity
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A ‘Minolta Tri-Stimulus Colorimeter II’ was evaluated for obtaining objective measurements of early changes in erythema and tanning. The meter showed a subtle, continuous transition between the primary erythematous response and the delayed tanning of skin which was below the visual threshold for detection. Thereafter, the a* (redness) value of the meter showed a significant linear correlation with the dermatologist’s perception of erythema while the b* (yellow) value showed a significant correlation with the perception of tanning. This capability of the tri-stimulus colorimeter to simultaneously evaluate the hue and saturation of skin color affords an improved opportunity to quantitate the transition from erythema to tanning without subjective bias.
Colorimeter
Erythema
Hue
Stimulus (psychology)
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