Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of the unstimulated adrenal cortex of rats
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Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
In dogs receiving oral treatment with 2,2-bis (2-chlorophenyl-4-chlorophenyl)- l,l-dichloroethane (o,p' DDD) for periods of 2, 4, and 6 days, the secretion rate of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids was markedly decreased. Histological observations on the adrenal cortex showed that focal degenerative lesions developed first in the zona reticularis, then in the zona fasciculata. No changes were seen in the zona glomerulosa even after 6 days treatment. Morphological changes in the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata were slight after 2 days treatment although there was alreacty a marked reduction in the digitoninprecipitable compounds of these zones. After 6 days treatment, 3β-hydroxy sterols were almost absent from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Distribution of sudanophilic lipids of these zones remained unaltered during this period.
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Zona
Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
Histology
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To examine the regulation of the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis of the guinea pig adrenal cortex, animals were placed on a chronic regimen of dexamethasone. Changes in adrenal zonal weight, cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity, and tissue and serum steroid concentrations were measured after 1 month of dexamethasone administration. With dexamethasone treatment, the weight of the outer zone (glomerulosa/fasciculata) decreased significantly, while the weight of the inner zone (reticularis) did not change. Cholesterol sidechain cleavage activity in mitochondria isolated from the outer zone also declined significantly, while a similar activity in the inner zone did not change. The serum cortisol concentration in response to dexamethasone administration decreased by 85%, as did the concentrations of cortisol and progesterone in the outer zone; the concentration of cortisol in the inner zone decreased by only one third, while the concentration of progesterone did not change. These results in association with previous reports indicate that the zona reticularis of the guinea pig adrenal cortex (in contrast to the zona fasciculata) is not regulated by ACTH in terms of either steroidogenesis or maintenance of cell growth. (Endocrinology115: 1838–1841,1984).
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Zona reticularis
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Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
Mineralocorticoid
Medulla
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The content of fatty substances was examined: neutral fats, triglycerides and phospholipids, in the adrenal gland cortex after exposing white rats to the influence of detergents in the duration of one month. Neutral fats conduct themselves in the following manner: their quantity is decreased in the cells of zona glomerulosa and is increased in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. As far as the presence of triglycerides in the adrenal cortex is concerned, it is typical that they are increased quantity-wise in all three zones of the adrenal gland cortex. Phospholipids in their presence, give the following appearance: this group of fatty substances is of increased content in the cells of zona glomerulosa; a slight increase of these substances is typical for zona fasciculata while their increase is evident in the cells of zona reticularis. All of the described features, regardless of the group of fatty substances, indicate the stimulated activity of the adrenal gland cortex after the application of histochemical methods.
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In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism(s) through which the functional adrenal cortex is established, we analyzed immunohistochemically the expression of various markers for the adrenocortical zones, i.e. the zona glomerulosa (zG), the zona fasciculata (zF), and the zona reticularis (zR), as well as markers for the medulla, and further examined the distribution and behavior of DNA-synthesizing cells in rat adrenal glands during development. The results showed that 1) separation of the cortex and medulla, and the development of functional zonation in the cortex began at around the time of birth, 2) at fetal stages when cortical zonation was not established, DNA-synthesizing cells were found scattered throughout the gland, where they proliferated without significant migration, and 3) after birth in the adrenal cortex with established cortical zonation, DNA-synthesizing cells were localized near the undifferentiated zone between zG and zF, and then they migrated centripetally. Cell death appeared to occur in the innermost portion of the cortex, where many resident macrophages are present. These findings illustrate basic processes underlying adrenal development and suggest that the undifferentiated region is apparently the stem cell zone of the adrenal cortex that maintains the cortical zonation.
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Medulla
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The study aimed to find out the effect of sulfonamide combined with Trimetaprim-Biseptol 480 on the adrenal cortex in post-operative shock after removal of SPIGELian lobe (lobectomy of the lobus caudatus and unilaterally of one kidney with its suprarenal gland. The study was performed on a material of white rats which were post-operatively administered Biseptol 480 in doses 5 times bigger than those given to men. It was attempted to determine histochemically the intensity of the adrenal cortex' function by testing the number of lipid droplets, activity of the main enzyme of steroidogenesis (beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase) and the level of alpha-ketols (as the final stage of steroidogenesis). Pathomorphologic examinations were also performe. On the basis of the present study's results, it was observed that - in the case of liver-lobectomy - the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis are functionally stimulated but the zona glomerulosa becomes insufficient. In the case of nephrectomy plus suprarenal gland's removal, all the adrenal cortex becomes insufficient. Administration of Biseptol in the 1st case contributed to hormonal inactivation of the zone glomerulosa cells, but in the 2nd case, it caused an increased activity of steroid dehydrogenase and an increase of the alpha-ketol level in the zona fasciculata.
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Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
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The adrenal cortex has been divided into three zones by Arnold (1866) and Gottschau (1883). These three zones, the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, are still recognized today. A review of subsequent research on the adrenals was presented by Bachman (1954). Regarding the differentiation of the cortical zones in the rat, it has been claimed by Jackson (1919) that all three zones are present at birth. in their studies on the differentiation of these zones in the rat adrenal gland, Howard (1938) and Mitchell (1948) stated that the zona glomerulosa appears within the first week, the fasciculata within the second and the reticularis during the third week. Lever (1956 c) and Cohen (1963) claimed that in 24 mm embryos of the rat (18-day) cortical differentiation is already apparent. in 20-day embryos an outer zone of dark-staining cells beneath the capsular cells is broader but not yet clearly a zona glomerulosa.
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Zona reticularis
Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
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Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
Zona
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Hyperthermia can cause significant structural and functional reorganization of tissues and organs. The proliferative and apoptotic processes of rat adrenal cortex were analyzed by light and electron microscopy after an acute exposure to high ambient temperature. Animals were divided in two groups. The first group consisted of intact controls. The rats from the second group were exposed to a high ambient temperature of 38?C for 60 min. Mitotic chromosomes and the largest number of immunoreactive nuclei for the Ki-67 were observed in the zona reticularis (ZR) of the control animals. The relative number of mitoses after heat stress showed a significant decrease in the zona glomerulosa (ZG; 66.8%), zona fasciculata (ZF; 27.8%) and ZR (86.7%) (for all zones p<0.05), while in the whole adrenal cortex the after-treatment decrease was 61.9% (p<0.05) compared to the controls. Under heat stress numerous apoptotic nuclei were seen at the light and ultrastructural levels in all the zones of the adrenal cortex. Such dynamics of mitosis/apoptosis events seriously affect adrenal cortex morphology.
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Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
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