Oral Contraceptives: Effects on Carbohydrate Metabolism, Insulin Like Activity and Histology of the Pancreas
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The effect of the combination type oral contraceptive and its estrogen (mestranol) and progesterone (ethynodiol diacetate) components on the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), intravenous tolbutamide test (IVTT), serum insulin like activity (ILA) and morphology of beta cells of the pancreas was investigated in female rabbits. The combination produced impairment of glucose tolerance in all animals after 24 weeks treatment. Fifty percent of animals in the estrogen treated group and 33.3 percent of animals in the progesterone treated group developed impairment of glucose tolerance after 24 weeks. A reduction in the glucose response to IVTT was observed in all the animals following 24 weeks treatment with the combination, estrogen or progesterone. A significant decline in fasting serum ILA and post glucose ILA was observed in animals treated with the combination and estrogen. A small but consistent decline in the serum ILA was observed in animals treated with ethynodiol diacetate. A rise in serum FFA paralleled the abnormality of glucose tolerance. Morphological changes in the cytostructure of pancreatic islets in the form of degranulation and degeneration of cells were observed in the pancreas of animals treated with the combination, and to lesser extent in animals treated with estrogen and progesterone. These observations indicate that the disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism produced by oral contraceptives may be associated with damage to beta cells and low circulating insulin in rabbits.Keywords:
Tolbutamide
Glucose tolerance test
Mestranol
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Tolbutamide
Mestranol
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Studies on over fifty squirrel monkeys have revealed the prevalence of an imbalance of carbohydrate metabolism. Nearly half of the colony of adult female monkeys were found to exhibit both abnormal glucose tolerance and diagnostic tolbutamide curves when maintained on a standard commercial diet and under satisfactory laboratory conditions. The impaired monkeys commonly demonstrated normal fasting blood sugar levels and were without overt symptoms of diabetes, although occasionally frank symptoms of hyperglycemia and glucosuria were found in the colony. Several impaired animals responded to treatment with oral tolbutamide with apparent restoration of normal carbohydrate metabolism, but tolbutamide treatment did not improve the glucose tolerance of others. Although prevalence of atherosclerosis exists also in adult squirrel monkeys, no correlation of serum cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids was found between normal monkeys and animals with carbohydrate impairment.
Tolbutamide
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Blood sugar
Glucose tolerance test
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Background. The incidence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders increases with age, resulting in a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypoxia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. The aim – to establish the features of carbohydrate metabolism in hypoxia in the elderly with impaired carbohydrate tolerance.
Materials and methods. 20 elderly people with impaired glucose tolerance and 23 elderly people with preserved glucose tolerance were examined. Determined the concentration of glucose and insulin in the blood when breathing air with an oxygen content of 12%.
Results. With hypoxia in people with impaired glucose tolerance, the decrease in saturation is more significant than in people with preserved glucose tolerance. Shifts in glucose concentration in hypoxia in people with impaired glucose tolerance are greater, but the ratio of Δ glucose concentration/ΔSpO2 is higher than in people with preserved glucose tolerance. Shifts in the concentration of insulin in the blood during hypoxia did not differ in people with different glucose tolerance, but the ratio of Δinsulin concentration /ΔSpO2 in people with impaired glucose tolerance is less. In people with impaired glucose tolerance, a relationship was found between glucose levels after 120 minutes of glucose tolerance test and SpO2 shifts in hypoxia, as well as a relationship between HOMA index and SpO2 shifts in hypoxia.
Conclusions. Elderly people with impaired glucose tolerance have reduced resistance to hypoxia and increased utilization of glucose in hypoxia, due to smaller changes in insulin concentrations. At the same time at them disturbance of a carbohydrate metabolism depends on resistance to a hypoxia.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Hypoxia
Glucose tolerance test
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Tolbutamide
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Summary. Of 218 pregnant women with abnormal glucose tolerance by the criteria of the World Health Organization (1985) 81·2% had impaired glucose tolerance and 18·8% gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetic women were of higher parity, more obese, required insulin therapy more often, had more babies weighing >4 kg and had higher fasting plasma glucose than women with impaired glucose tolerance. Women with gestational impaired glucose tolerance were older, of higher parity, more obese and had heavier babies than pregnant women with a normal screening plasma glucose. Compared with women with impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetic women were more likely to have abnormality, and more severe impairment of their glucose tolerance test in the puerperium.
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Mestranol
Glucose tolerance test
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The present study compared the relative tolerance to honey and glucose of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or mild diabetes. Thirty individuals 35–60 years old with a proven parental (mother or father) history of type II diabetes mellitus were subjected simultaneously to an oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) and a honey tolerance test (HTT). Glucose tolerance was found to be impaired in 24 subjects, while six of the subjects were diagnosed as mildly diabetic. All subjects with impaired glucose tolerance exhibited significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations after consumption of honey at all time points of the HTT in comparison to the GTT. The plasma glucose levels in response to honey peaked at 30–60 minutes and showed a rapid decline as compared to that to glucose. Significantly, the high degree of tolerance to honey was recorded in subjects with diabetes as well, indicating a lower glycemic index of honey. Thus, it is evident from the present investigation that honey may prove to be a valuable sugar substitute for subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or mild diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test
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In a group of 51 women who had given birth to giant children, the glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed at entry in the study and after intervals of 6 to 12 years. The results of the first determination, estimated according to the WHO's criteria (1980), have revealed an impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in 7 cases (14%); the second determination showed IGT in 10 cases (20%) and diabetes mellitus in 2 (4%). Insulinemia assays, concomitant with the second performance of GTT, showed the highest values in the diabetic subjects, moderate values in those with IGT, and low values in those with normal glucose tolerance. The presence of obesity in some cases could not be considered as fully responsible for the glucose tolerance impairment in the women with fetal gigantism. The dynamics of glucose tolerance disorders showed variations in time, i.e. the initial pathologic changes were no more recorded on the second testing in the same subjects, while women with normal initial GTT showed high insulinemia or IGT on the second determination.
Gigantism
Glucose tolerance test
Concomitant
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Tolbutamide
Glucose tolerance test
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Abstract The clinical aspects and the plasma insulin response patterns in young subjects with mild diabetes are described. Young subjects with mild diabetes have no or very few symptoms and can be controlled by diet or oral antidiabetic drugs. The mild diabetics are divided into two groups according to the fasting blood glucose concentration. Subjects having a normal fasting blood glucose concentration but a diabetic glucose tolerance test are called juvenile glucose tolerance test diabetics and those with elevated fasting blood glucose concentration and a diabetic glucose tolerance test are designated mild juvenile diabetics . It is demonstrated that juvenile glucose tolerance test diabetics have a normal plasma insulin response after i.v. glucose and tolbutamide. The plasma insulin response to oral glucose, however, is weak and slow in comparison to non‐diabetics. In contradistinction, mild juvenile diabetics exhibit a weak and delayed plasma insulin response both to i.v. and oral glucose and to i.v. tolbutamide. In comparison with classic juvenile diabetics, juvenile glucose tolerance test diabetics and mild juvenile diabetics have a much higher plasma insulin level during the tests.
Tolbutamide
Glucose tolerance test
Insulin response
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