Carotenoids in certain lichens from the Colombian Andes
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Abstract Reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromato‐graphy, column and thin‐layer chromatography re‐vealed the presence of following carotenoids in the thalli of 10 species (14 specimens) of lichens from the Colombian Andes: β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, calthaxanthin, caloxanthin, 3′‐hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, fritschiellaxanthin, astaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, mutatoxanthin and capsochrome. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 18.41 μg g −1 ( Stereocaulon ramulosum ) to 45.78 μg g −1 ( Thamnolia vermicularis , no. 3) dry mass.Keywords:
Neoxanthin
Antheraxanthin
Violaxanthin
Canthaxanthin
Thallus
ABSTRACT: As increasing evidence supports the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in reducing the risk of cataract and macular degeneration, food sources of these carotenoids are being sought. In the present study, the lutein content of the edible flowers and leaves of Tropaeolum majus L. was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDAD), complemented by HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) for identification. Chemical reactions were also used as identifying parameters. The yellow and brownish orange flowers had 450 ± 60 μg/g and 350 ± 50 μg/g lutein, respectively. Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, zeinoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene were also detected at very low levels. The leaves had 136 ± 18 μg/g lutein, 69 ± 7 μg/g β-carotene, 74 ± 23 μg/g violaxanthin, and 48 ± 13 μg/g neoxanthin. Lutein was partly esterified in the flowers and unesterified in the leaves. The flowers of T. majus are therefore excellent food sources of lutein and the leaves good sources of both lutein and the provitamin A β-carotene.
Neoxanthin
Violaxanthin
Antheraxanthin
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Antheraxanthin
Neoxanthin
Violaxanthin
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Antheraxanthin
Violaxanthin
Neoxanthin
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The author investigated the presence of various carotcnoids in some phytobenthos species (20 species representative of <em>Chlorophytn, Phaeophyta</em> and <em>Rhodophyta</em>) from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The presence of following carotenoids has been determined 1) in <em>Chlorophyta</em> lycopene, α-, β-, γ- , ε-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein epoxide, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, siphonein and astaxanthin esier; 2) in <em>Phorophyta</em>: α-, β-, γ- , ε- carotene, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, diataxanthin, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthol, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and rhodoxanthin-like: 3) in <em>Rhodophyta</em> α-, β-, γ-carotene,α-, β-,cryptoxanthin, lutein lutein epoxide, zeaxanthin, anthcraxanthin, mutatoxanthin, fucoxanthin neoxanthin and violaxanthin The total carotenoid content ranged from 1.197 ( <em>Cystoseira corniculata</em>) to 16 748 mg g<sup>-1</sup> dry weight (<em>Chaetomorpha aerea</em>).
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Column and thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of 20 lichen species from Tasmanian forests: α-carotene, β-carotene, β -cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrozeaxanthin, β -carotene epoxide, lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin,mutatoxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, α-doradexanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. 5-Hydroxy-5,6-dihydrozeaxanthin is reported for the first time in lichens. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 15.28�g-1 dry wt in Menegazzia confusa to 48.53�g-1 dry wt in Pseudocyphellaria glabra.
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Abstract Column and thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of seventeen lichen species from New Zealand: ε-carotene, α-carotene, ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lutein, 3′-epilutein, zeaxanthin, lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin, canthaxanthin, α-doradoxanthin, astaxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, auroxanthin, mutatoxanthin, azafrin, and apo-12-violaxanthal. Azafrin is reported for the first time from lichens in Pseudocyphellaria coronata. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 15.16 μg g-1 dry wt in Pseudocyphellaria chloroleuca to 298.78 μg g-1 dry wt in Pseudocyphellaria coronata. Keywords: lichenologythallicarotenoidsNew Zealand lichensazafrin
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Violaxanthin
Neoxanthin
Antheraxanthin
Chlorophyll b
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Abstract In addition to previously reported major xanthophylls, Nannochloropsis (Nannochloris) oculata (Droop) Hibberd and Nannochloropsis (Monallantus) salina (Bourrelly) Hibberd were found to produce minor amounts of cryptoxanthin epoxides, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, and eight to ten keto-carotenoids during photoautotrophic growth in culture. Five of the keto-carotenoids were identified as echinenone, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and its monoester, and astacene. Culture ageing of both algal species from about 2 to 14 weeks caused a three- to fivefold increase in the proportions of both canthaxanthin and the astaxanthin family, and this increase was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the combined zeaxanthin-antheraxanthin-violaxanthin group. However, the keto-carotenoids never achieved ageing-associated predominance in the total carotenoid mixture, where violaxanthin and vaucheriaxanthin ester persisted as the major xanthophylls. Astaxanthin and astacene have not been previously recorded from any member of the Eustigmatophyceae. The controversial question of eyespots occurring in N. oculata cells is discussed, and its probable connection with extraplastidic astaxanthin accumulation is considered.
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Violaxanthin
Canthaxanthin
Neoxanthin
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