Changes in noradrenergic transmission alter the concentration of cytoplasmic progestin receptors in hypothalamus
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The role of the hypothalamus in the control of body temperature can be studied by a number of different methods, e.g.: 1. Destruction of hypothalamic areas; 2. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus; 3. Heating or cooling of the hypothalamus; 4. Studies of the biochemistry of the hypothalamus; 5. Injection of pharmacological agents into the third ventricle or into the hypothalamus; 6. Recording of the electrical activity of hypothalamic neurons during heating and cooling of the brain. We will review the evidence that has been gathered using these techniques, and we will attempt to interpret the results in comparison with the more thoroughly studied mammalian hypothalamic thermoregulatory control system. Destruction of Hypothalamic Areas. Care should be taken to ascertain that the effects observed are the result of destruction per se and are not the result of iron deposits from stainless steel electrodes. It has been shown, for instance, that lesions in . . .
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AIM To research the functions of rat hypothalamus under long term simulated weightlessness condition. METHODS By using anti Fos and anti GFAP immunohistochemical ABC methods, we observed changes of hypothalamus neurons and astrocytes in 4 wk simulated rats. RESULTS Expressions of Fos and GFAP positive cells were only found in paravetricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, especially in mango cellular part, supraoptic nuclei and suprachiasmatic nuclei, with negative reaction in other areas. The reactive astrocytes were featured with hypertrophy of the cell body and cytoplasmic processes. CONCLUSION These nuclei in hypothalamus may participate in the reaction to long term weightlessness, and probably be associated with increased secretion of vasopressure.
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Supraoptic nucleus
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Progestin
Mestranol
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Several investigators have tried to demonstrate the presence of progestin in various tissues and fluids of women and animals. Until recently the corpus luteum of the sow was the only tissue from which progestin could be obtained. Clauberg and co-workers (1), demonstrated its presence in the human corpus luteum. They obtained an incomplete proliferation of the endometrium of the rabbit’s uterus with extracts from 55 grams of tissue. Pratt (2) and Clauberg (1), respectively, extracting a maximum of 40 grams of human corpus luteum, obtained negative results. Mazer and Goldstein (3) found progestin in the placenta of a 6 months pregnancy. Ehrhardt and Weigel (4), de Fremery, Luchs and Tausk (5), Portman (6), Philipp (7) and Fels (8) failed to demonstrate the presence of progestin in placentas of different ages. These observations are borne out by the author, who failed to find progestin in placentas of 3½ and 4½ months. An extract made from a 3½ months fetus also gave a negative reaction for progestin. Recently Adler, de Fremery and Tausk (9), Ehrhardt (10, 11), Ehrhardt and Hagena (12), Fels (13) and van Lankeren (14), using the technic of Allen and Meyer (15) for the separation of estrin from progestin, showed the presence of progestin in early as well as full term placentas. It is interesting that they got both positive and negative results.
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With a younger tendency in morbidity age, endometrial cancer (EC) incidence has grown year after year. Worse, even more commonly occurring is endometrial hyperplasia (EH), which is a precancerous endometrial proliferation. For young women with early EC and EH who want to preserve fertility, progestin therapy has been utilized as a routine fertility-preserving treatment approach. Nevertheless, progestin medication failure in some patients is mostly due to progestin resistance and side effects. In order to further analyze the potential mechanisms of progestin resistance in EH and EC, to provide theoretical support for effective therapeutic strategies, and to lay the groundwork for searching novel treatment approaches, this article reviews the current therapeutic effects of progestin in EH and EC, as well as the mechanisms and molecular biomarkers of progestin resistance, and systematically expounds on the potential therapeutic methods to overcome progestin resistance.
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Endometrial hyperplasia
Atypical Hyperplasia
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Progestins are synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of progesteron. For over 50 years, oral progestins have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of endometriosis. They were reported to reduce or eliminate pain symptoms in approximately 90% of the patients. Progestins are available in many forms, including oral preparations, injections, subdermal implants and intrauterine systems. Continuous progestin use is an effective therapy for the treatment of painful symptoms associated with endometriosis but there had been no evidence of progestin use being superior to other types of treatment in endometriosis-related pain symptoms.
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The development of new generation of progestin and anti-progestin compounds was reviewed in this paper.Based on R D achievements of new generation progestin and anti-progestin in recent years,we summarized the pharmacological effects and the applications of drospirenone,dienogest,nestorone,nomegestrol acetate,trimegestone and ulipristal acetate.The ability of the new generation of progestin and anti-progestin binding to progesterone receptor has been greatly improved.The natures of the new progestin are closer to native steroid hormones.They have no androgen,estrogen or glucocorticoid activities,which greatly improved the safety of oral contraceptives and HRT,and the tolerance.Some of progestin also has potential adverse reaction.China should speed up the development of the new generation of progestin/anti-progestin,while some new side-effects should be considered in advance.
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Dienogest
Drospirenone
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Steroidal progestin agonists have long been used in oral contraceptives, and the progestin antagonist mifepristone is used as an abortifacient. Progestin antagonists are also likely to be useful for treating breast cancer and various gynaecological disorders. This patent review relates to progestin receptor agonists and antagonists, focusing on applications filed over the past three years. Two emerging themes will be elaborated upon: the development of novel steroidal and non-steroidal compounds, and the elucidation of new therapeutic uses for progestin antagonists.
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Abortifacient
Progesterone receptor
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1.妊娠ラットの血液中のprogestin濃度の変動は妊娠8日目に最初の小さなpeakを描き(2.53 μg/ml),妊娠14日に最高値(6.27 μg/ml)に達し,その後分娩期に向って急激に低下する2相性の曲線を示すことが認められた。2.妊娠15日に胎児を除去したラットの血液中のprogestin濃度は妊娠ラットのものと差がなかった。3.妊娠15日に胎児と卵巣を除去したラットの血液中のprogestin濃度は,術後急激に低下したが,術後3日以降は妊娠ラットのprogestin量との間に差がみられなかった。4.妊娠15日に胎児と胎盤を除去したラットの血液中のprogestin量は,術後低下したが,その低下は著しいものではなかった。5.妊娠ラット,胎児除去ラヅト,胎児と卵巣を除去したラットの胎盤および子宮組織中のprogestin含有量は,妊娠日数あるいは術後日数の経過にしたがって漸次低下することが認められた。
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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to be moved, to be part of the
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working at an extremely high
musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
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