Regional brain gray and white matter changes in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents
Manoj K. SarmaRajakumar NagarajanMargaret KellerRajesh KumarKarin Nielsen‐SainesDavid E. MichalikJaime DevilleJoseph A. ChurchM. Albert Thomas
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Abstract:
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), perinatally infected HIV remains a major health problem worldwide. Although advance neuroimaging studies have investigated structural brain changes in HIV-infected adults, regional gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume changes have not been reported in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated regional GM and WM changes in 16 HIV-infected youths receiving ART (age 17.0 ± 2.9 years) compared with age-matched 14 healthy controls (age 16.3 ± 2.3 years) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based high-resolution T1-weighted images with voxel based morphometry (VBM) analyses. White matter atrophy appeared in perinatally HIV-infected youths in brain areas including the bilateral posterior corpus callosum (CC), bilateral external capsule, bilateral ventral temporal WM, mid cerebral peduncles, and basal pons over controls. Gray matter volume increase was observed in HIV-infected youths for several regions including the left superior frontal gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, gyrus rectus, right mid cingulum, parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus compared with controls. Global WM and GM volumes did not differ significantly between groups. These results indicate WM injury in perinatally HIV-infected youths, but the interpretation of the GM results, which appeared as increased regional volumes, is not clear. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify if our results represent active ongoing brain infection or toxicity from HIV treatment resulting in neuronal cell swelling and regional increased GM volume. Our findings suggest that assessment of regional GM and WM volume changes, based on VBM procedures, may be an additional measure to assess brain integrity in HIV-infected youths and to evaluate success of current ART therapy for efficacy in the brain.Keywords:
Parahippocampal gyrus
External capsule
Voxel-based morphometry
Inferior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Aim. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Recently, computer scientists have developed various methods for early detection based on computer vision and machine learning techniques. Method. In this study, we proposed a novel AD detection method by displacement field (DF) estimation between a normal brain and an AD brain. The DF was treated as the AD-related features, reduced by principal component analysis (PCA), and finally fed into three classifiers: support vector machine (SVM), generalized eigenvalue proximal SVM (GEPSVM), and twin SVM (TSVM). The 10-fold cross validation repeated 50 times. Results. The results showed the “DF + PCA + TSVM” achieved the accuracy of 92.75 ± 1.77, sensitivity of 90.56 ± 1.15, specificity of 93.37 ± 2.05, and precision of 79.61 ± 2.21. This result is better than or comparable with not only the other proposed two methods, but also ten state-of-the-art methods. Besides, our method discovers the AD is related to following brain regions disclosed in recent publications: Angular Gyrus, Anterior Cingulate, Cingulate Gyrus, Culmen, Cuneus, Fusiform Gyrus, Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Inferior Occipital Gyrus, Inferior Parietal Lobule, Inferior Semi-Lunar Lobule, Inferior Temporal Gyrus, Insula, Lateral Ventricle, Lingual Gyrus, Medial Frontal Gyrus, Middle Frontal Gyrus, Middle Occipital Gyrus, Middle Temporal Gyrus, Paracentral Lobule, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Postcentral Gyrus, Posterior Cingulate, Precentral Gyrus, Precuneus, Sub-Gyral, Superior Parietal Lobule, Superior Temporal Gyrus, Supramarginal Gyrus, and Uncus. Conclusion. The displacement filed is effective in detection of AD and related brain-regions.
Parahippocampal gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Limbic lobe
Superior parietal lobule
Superior temporal gyrus
Fusiform gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
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Inferior frontal gyrus
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Dementia of Alzheimer type and vascular dementias account for as much as 90% of all dementias. MRI volumetry of the temporal lobe is often performed in Alzheimer's disease, but there are only a few studies that evaluate temporal lobe atrophy in vascular dementia. We therefore compared volumes of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), basolateral temporal area (BTG--the region including middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus), parahippocampal gyrus (PAH), head of the hippocampus (HIP), amygdaloid body (AA) and temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (LV) separately for each hemisphere in 8 patients with ischaemic vascular dementia (IVD) and in 14 cognitively and neurologically normal subjects. In the left hemisphere basolateral temporal area, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdaloid body and hippocampal head had significantly smaller volumes in IVD patients than in age-matched control group. In the right hemisphere the significant atrophy in IVD patients concerned only basolateral temporal area.
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Psychopathy is a clinical condition characterized by a failure in normal social interaction and morality. Recent studies have begun to reveal brain structural abnormalities associated with psychopathic tendencies in children. However, little is known about whether variations in brain morphology are linked to the developmental trajectory of psychopathic traits over time. In this study, structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data from 108 14-year-old adolescents with no history of substance abuse (54 males and 54 females) were examined to detect cortical thickness variations associated with psychopathic traits and individual rates of change in psychopathic traits from ages 9 to 18. We found cortical thickness abnormalities to correlate with psychopathic traits both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Specifically, at age 14, higher psychopathic scores were correlated with thinner cortex in the middle frontal gyrus, particularly in females, and thicker cortex in the superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus, particularly in males. Longitudinally, individual rates of change in psychopathic tendency over time were correlated with thicker cortex in the superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus, particularly in males. Findings suggest that abnormal cortical thickness may reflect a delay in brain maturation, resulting in disturbances in frontal and temporal functioning such as impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and emotional dysregulation in adolescents. Thus, findings provide initial evidence supporting that abnormal cortical thickness may serve as a biomarker for the development of psychopathic propensity in adolescents.
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Fusiform gyrus
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Semantic dementia
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Research Purpose: By conducting fMRI research on insomniacs with depression in resting state, this experiment reveals the abnormality in the patient's DMN and its neural pathogenesis, and different degrees of depression's impact on the neural networks causing weakened cognitive function. Consequently, it offers objective imageological basis for clinical cognitive impairment treatment and evaluation of such treatment. Method: a group of 40 cases are selected as the insomniac group, consisting of 20 as mild depression group and 20 as moderate depression group. And another 40 cases are selected as the HC group. All the testees take PSQI, HAMD, 3.0T routine MRI examination and fMRI, and cases with abnormal brain structures are excluded. Then on the basis of PCC as the seed point, comparisons are made between the insomniac group and HC group, between mild and moderate depression group in terms of their DMN differences. Result: Depressive Insomniac Group have stronger functional connection with PCC/pC: bilateral superior frontal gyri and bilateral middle cingulate gyri; the following regions have weaker functional connection: left occipital lobe lingual gyrus/ parahippocampal gyrus/ fusiform gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus/temporal pole, right middle temporal gyrus/middle occipital gyrus, and left occipital lobe/middle temporal gyrus. Compared with Mildly Depressive Group, the following encephalic regions of Moderately Depressive Insomniac Group have stronger functional connection with PCC/pC: right middle cingulate cortex and right frontal gyrus; the following regions have weaker functional connection: left parahippocampal gyrus. Conclusion: There is abnormity in the brain default mode network of insomniacs with depressive symptoms. The depression degree of insomniacs varies. There are differences in the brain default mode network. It is suggested that there is a positive correlation between the middle cingulate gyrus and insomnia and depression, this is also shown between the activated degree of the middle frontal gyrus and insomnia and depression. There is a negative correlation between the activated degree of the parahippocampal gyrus and insomnia and depression. This research also suggested that there is a cognitive disorder and a neutral network mechanism of emotion regulation disorder among depressive insomniacs. (Yongli L, Shewei D, Enfeng W. Evaluation of brain default network fMRI of Insomnia with Depression patients at Resting state. Life Sci J 2014;11(8):794-801). (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com . 119
Parahippocampal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Limbic lobe
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on Chinese tasks to protect the language function in epileptics. Materials and Methods A total of 34 native Chinese patients with epilepsy were enrolled and examined with BOLD‐fMRI scan based on six Chinese tasks. The epileptics were randomly divided into the control group ( n = 15) and the experimental group ( n = 19). The control group underwent the hollowing and multiple subpial transection operation only based on intraoperative EEG, while the experimental group was under notification of task‐state fMRI results in addition. Whereafter, the language ability of patients was evaluated by ABC assessment. Results The brain regions related to Chinese function activated by different tasks were remarkably distinct and mainly concentrated in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe. In ontoanalysis, the activation signals of the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and precentral gyrus were generally low or even could not be detected. Unlike ontoanalysis, group analysis showed that the main effect regions of AN and PN task were in right superior temporal gyrus. The main effect regions of FF and VFC task were in right middle temporal gyrus. The main effect region of SF task was in left superior temporal gyrus. The main effect region of VFL task was in right middle frontal gyrus. The ABC assessment score of the control group 6 months after surgery was significantly lower than that 1 week before surgery ( p < .05), while there was no significant difference in the experimental group, and the score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Conclusion In the surgical treatment of epilepsy, a personalized surgical plan, based on task‐state fMRI and intraoperative EEG, can be developed according to the difference of activation areas to protect the language function and improve the quality of life in postoperative patients.
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Parahippocampal gyrus
Fusiform gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
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Middle temporal gyrus
Fusiform face area
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Parahippocampal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Anterior temporal lobectomy
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Objective To compare the volumes of gray matter(GM) with optimized voxel-based morphometry(VBM) between individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI) and patients with mild Alzheimer's disease(AD). Methods Nine subjects with aMCI(aMCI group), 13 patients with mild AD(AD group),and 7 healthy elderly(control group) with normal-appear-ance of white matter were enrolled in this study. High-resolution 3D T_1 MR images were acquired. All 3D T_1 images were analyzed with SPM5 software by following the procedures of coregistration, modulation, segmentation, and smoothing. Results Compared with control group, there was significant GM volumetric reduction in bilateral superior temporal gyri,middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, left middle temporal gyrus, post central gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, right insula and paracentral lobule in aMCI group (P0.01). In aMCI group, GM volumes of bilateral superior temporal gyri, dentate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, insula, left precuneus lobe, postcentral gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus,inferior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and parahippocampal gyrus were significantly larger than those in AD group (P0.01). Conclusion VBM analysis suggests significant regional atrophy in temporal, frontal and parietal regions in aMCI patients. The cerebral atrophy in aMCI is more severe and spread than normal elderly,and less severe and spread than mild AD.
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior parietal lobule
Medial frontal gyrus
Gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Voxel-based morphometry
Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
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