Hydrothermal reaction of phenylalanine as a model compound of algal protein
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Keywords:
Deamination
Decarboxylation
Hydrothermal liquefaction
Our SRI International (SRI) team has developed a new two-step hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process to convert wet algal biomass into biocrude oil. The first step in the process (low-temperature HTL or HTL1) yields crude oil but, most importantly, it selectively dissolves nitrogen-containing compounds in the aqueous phase. Once the oil and the aqueous phase are separated, the low-nitrogen soft solids left behind can be taken to the second step (high-temperature HTL or HTL2) for full conversion to biocrude. HTL2 will hence yield low-nitrogen biocrude, which can be hydro-processed to yield transportation fuels. The expected high carbon yield and low nitrogen content can lead to a transportation fuel from algae that avoids two problems common to existing algae-to-fuel processes: (1) poisoning of the hydro-processing catalyst; and (2) inefficient conversion of algae-to-liquid fuels. The process we studied would yield a new route to strategic energy production from domestic sources.
Hydrothermal liquefaction
Algae fuel
Carbon fibers
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Hydrothermal liquefaction
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Hydrothermal liquefaction
Carbon fibers
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The reactions of deamination and decarboxylation of amino acids were investigated experimentally and quantum chemically on the basis of ..cap alpha..,..gamma..-diaminobutyric and aspartic acids under the action of tritium ions. These processes occur most efficiently through the addition of a tritium atom to the carboxyl group of the amino acid in the form of a zwitterion, followed by intramolecular neutralization of charges and elimination of ammonia.
Decarboxylation
Deamination
Zwitterion
Aspartic acid
Nitrous acid
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o-Nitrodimethoxyphenylglycine (1) decomposes on photolysis at 366 nm to release ammonia and carbon dioxide, via a five-step mechanism (Scheme 1). We have obtained spectroscopic and kinetic data from experiment and calculation which support our mechanism. We have also confirmed that a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor bearing 1 as a photolabile cage releases a tight-binding inhibitor on photolysis at 366 nm.
Decarboxylation
Deamination
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Abstract In the presence of a catalytic amount of 2-cyclohexen-1-one, decarboxylation of α-amino acids proceeds smoothly and affords the corresponding amino compounds in good yields. Optically active amino compounds, (3R)-(−)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine and (2R)-(−)-2-hydroxypropylamine are obtained in 93% and 80% yields, respectively.
Decarboxylation
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The kinetic effect of substituents at C(3) of βγ-unsaturated acids is consistent with the development of a partial positive charge at that position during decarboxylation. The OMe group increases the rate of decarboxylation as much as 105–106 fold.
Decarboxylation
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Deamination
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Transamination
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Abstract Barton decarboxylation is a radical decarboxylation of organic acids to generate alkanes via a two‐step process: the formation of thiohydroxamic acid esters of the corresponding organic acid and the addition of a radical initiator and the radical transfer reagents of a good H‐atom donor such as tri‐ n ‐butyltin hydride [HSnBu 3 ], t ‐butylmercaptan [ t ‐BuSH], phenylselenol [PhSeH], and tri(trimethylsilyl)silane [(Me 3 Si) 3 SiH]. This reaction is generally referred as the Barton decarboxylation, or by the less common name Barton's radical decarboxylation. The formation of thiohydroxamic acid esters has been modified using different sources. This reaction has been used for removing the carboxylic group on organic compounds.
Decarboxylation
Tributyltin hydride
Oxidative decarboxylation
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Abstract The decarboxylation reaction for acidic cannabinoids is an important step in the use of cannabis. The effect of heating rates and cannabinoid composition on the decarboxylation process was studied. The TG/DTG curves of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), for a first time, compared the decarboxylation dynamics at different heating rates. Moreover, HPLC analysis on the plant sample after TG run presented evidence of cannabinoids conversion. The results showed that THCA had a higher decarboxylation reaction temperature than CBDA. In all cases, a significant loss of acid and neutral cannabinoids was observed at elevated heating rates in the absence of oxygen. THCA-dominant cannabis plant show lower activation energy (Ea) on THCA decarboxylation reaction. These findings were used to improve the decarboxylation condition and increase THC or CBD concentration.
Decarboxylation
Cannabis sativa
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