Human hearing without efferent input to the cochlea
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The measurement of hearing without efferent input is possible in human patients whose vestibular nerve has been sectioned, to relieve severe vertigo usually caused by Ménière’s disease. The olivocochlear bundle, which runs in the inferior vestibular nerve, is also sectioned. Psychoacoustic measures have been made in over a dozen such patients, whose hearing levels range from normal to 40 or 50 dB. Most measurements were made only after the operation, but many were also made before. Thresholds measured before and after the operation revealed no change in the ability to detect tones either in the quiet or in noise, except when selective frequency focusing was involved. Comparisons between operated and normal ears showed a similar pattern. Other psychoacoustic tests, including measurements of intensity, frequency, and gap discrimination, of loudness functions and loudness adaptation, of lateralization, of the auditory filter (by notched noise), of overshoot, of TTS, showed either normal auditory functions or only the changes usually associated with sensorineural impairment. Besides the laboratory tests, most patients’ reports indicate no change in hearing subsequent to the vestibular neurectomy. Apparently, the one change—in selective listening—has little effect on such common auditory functions as speech perception. [Research supported by NIH.]Keywords:
Psychoacoustics
Loudness is one of the most important attributes of sound for psychoacoustic and sound quality evaluation, and the calculation of loudness is the foundation of subjective evaluation and computing other mainly psychoacoustic parameters.In this paper,basic principle and calculation skills are investigated ba- sed onMoore's model, and some typical results are given. And the approaches of improving the model are suggested.
Psychoacoustics
Sound Quality
Foundation (evidence)
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This paper studies the relationship between the subjective evaluation indexes and the objective physical parameters from interior noise of vehicle cabin. Four types of vehicle real-time noises were recorded at several running speeds and later being subjectively evaluated in the testing room by pair comparison method and semantic subdivided method. Meanwhile, the psychoacoustic parameters were extracted. According to the subjective test and evaluation, a psychoacoustic objective quantificational model based on sound quality such as partialness, luxury and motility was built by means of multiple regression method. The research results indicate that loudness and sharpness are primary parameters : while loudness and sharpness are lower, then partialness and luxury are better, when the loudness is louder, then motility is stronger.
Psychoacoustics
Sound Quality
Annoyance
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This chapter describes the psychoacoustic quantities at the lowest level of analysis: pitch, loudness, timbre, and duration, which are more or less related to the physical quantities frequency, level, magnitude spectrum, and time. Pitch is perceived from many types of sounds, such as sinusoids, vocals, instrument sounds, and noisy sounds. However, the definition is problematic in the sense that not all sounds have clear pitch, and some of them have more than one pitch. The theory describing loudness perception is one of the central theories of psychoacoustics. The theory is used to explain different phenomena revealed by psychoacoustic experiments using different kinds of stimuli, starting with simple sinusoids and continuing gradually to more complex cases. When two sounds have the same pitch, loudness, and duration, timbre is what makes one particular musical sound different from another.
Psychoacoustics
Timbre
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The medial olivocochlear complex (MOC) is an auditory nucleus that projects efferent nerve fibers to control the behaviors of both sides of the cochlea. Otoacoutsic emissions (OAEs) are by-products the activities of the outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlea and could be used as a noninvasive way to study the efferent control of the MOC. However, existing results regarding the efferent control are quite controversial and often restricted to a rather limited frequency range. In this study, a new method of measuring stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) with the presence of a contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS) was proposed to study the efferent control over the cochlea. SFOAEs were measured with swept tones with time varying frequencies so that SFOAE spectra with and without the presence of the CAS could be compared with high frequency-resolution. The results showed that there was consistent decrease in the amplitude of the swept-tone SFOAEs across a wide frequency range from 0.5 to 8 kHz when the CAS was presented, suggesting an outstanding attenuation of OHC activities by the efferent control from the MOC. The SFOAE decrease with the presence of the CAS might provide a new approach to measure the strength of the efferent control and to evaluate the functional status of the central auditory pathway.
Otoacoustic emission
Stimulus (psychology)
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The annoyance of three different sound sources was evaluated in a psychoacoustic experiment. An objective analysis of the stimuli used in the experiment has shown that calculated loudness was responsible for equally annoying pairs of different sound sources. Based on the loudness calculations and annoyance ratings, a tram bonus of 3 dB was found in comparison to the bus sound source. In addition, it was found that loudness explains the annoyance results when the LpA max is larger than 74.5 dB(A). With sound levels smaller than 74.5 dB(A) sharpness and roughness contribute to annoyance judgments.
Annoyance
Psychoacoustics
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Sound exposure
Efferent nerve
Cochlear nerve
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A tritiated amino acid tracing method was used to test the hypothesis that a unilateral group of vestibular efferent neurons of the brain stem may present different innervation patterns to the sensory vestibular epithelia of the ipsi- and contralateral labyrinths. Densitometric analysis of labeled efferent endings suggested a heterogeneity of the efferent projections issuing from a unilateral group of efferent vestibular neurons. Ipsilateral projections predominated in the maculae utriculi and cristae ampullares of the semicircular canals. These findings are discussed as a function of other data related to efferent vestibular control.
Efferent Neuron
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The sound of a door opening on a vehicle has a main influence on psychological comfort and affective satisfaction for the vehicle. This study aims to evaluate the auditory pleasantness of the door opening sound and to derive the sound parameters, which can optimize that pleasantness. Fourteen different door opening sounds were selected and recorded. Participants evaluated each recorded door opening sound with the designed questionnaire. Three main results were obtained. First, the questionnaire was developed to evaluate the auditory pleasantness of door opening sound based on five affective attributes: ‘loud’, ‘sharp’, ‘rough’, ‘clear’, and ‘satisfy’. These were selected through previous literature review and expert interviews. Second, ‘Loudness’, ‘sharpness’, ‘roughness’, ‘fluctuation strength’, and ‘tonality’ were selected as the psychoacoustic parameters. These parameters were found to be the important dimensions for the perception of door opening sound. Each affective attribute was related to psychoacoustic parameters by correlation analysis. Finally, the authors developed a model to predict subjective response to the door opening sound through regression analysis. In the incidence of ‘loud’, ‘sharp’, and ‘rough’, high R2 values were shown. Multiple regression was used to create a model to predict auditory pleasantness. The psychoacoustic parameter ‘loudness’ was shown to have a major effect on auditory pleasantness. The parameters ‘loudness’, ‘sharpness’, and ‘roughness’ were shown to affect the attributes of the door opening sound. The result of this study was an optimal model, created through psychoacoustic parameters, to predict the auditory pleasantness of door opening sounds.
Psychoacoustics
Sound Quality
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Psychoacoustic parameter of sound known as loudness is a major quality factor for assessing the perceptual quality of service of speech signals transmitted through telecommunication networks. The Zwicker and Fastl loudness model is a preferred loudness model and in this work has been programmed to obtain both loudness and loudness level of speeches transmitted over wireless. Here,the best maximum instantaneous loudness of the transmitted speeches is 42.55% of that of the original speech. While the best maximum instantaneous loudness level of the transmitted speeches is 87.06% of that of the original speech. These showed an intuitive and innovative representation of the degradation suffered by the transmitted speeches with respect to the original speech.
Psychoacoustics
Sound Quality
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Introduction: In addition to having auditory effects, sound also has nonauditory effects. Acoustic Annoyance is one of the nonauditory effects of sounds which are construed as psychoacoustic characteristics. The study at hand was undertaken to investigate the psychoacoustic characteristics of absorbents used in common earmuffs. Materials and Methods: In this study, four earmuffs prevalent in industries were used. The psychoacoustic characteristics of loudness and sharpness were measured and analyzed in sound levels of 75, 85, and 95 dB using an impedance tube and Va-Lab 4 software with and without absorbers. The results were analyzed with SPSS-26 software. Results: Results showed that the highest and the lowest increase in loudness were attributed to the EM-101 and the EM-104, respectively. In addition, with the increase in the sound level, the loudness increased. Furthermore, in 85 dB, there was no significant relationship between loudness and earmuff absorber only in the case of the earmuff EM-103. Furthermore, the highest and the lowest increase in sharpness were, respectively, attributed to the EM-101 and the EM-103. Only in the samples of EM-103 and EM-104 earmuffs at the level of 75 dB, there was no significant relationship between sharpness and earmuff absorber. Conclusion: Earmuffs used in industries showed different performances against the loudness and sharpness of the sound. In other words, the quality and the structure of earmuff absorber play noteworthy roles in decreasing the qualitative parameters of sound.
Psychoacoustics
Annoyance
Sound Quality
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