The properties of electroactive ruthenium oxide coatings supported by titanium-based ternary carbides
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Chemical Stability
Titanium carbide
It has been known that the plate-shaped titanium carbides (TiC) frequently appeared in carbides of TiC-Mo2C-Ni alloy. The study of formation of the plate-shpaed TiC has been made.It was found that the starting TiC powder fractured along (002) cleavage plane of TiC crystal during ball-milling, resulting in the (TiC+Mo2C+Ni) mixture containing plate-shpaed TiC particles. It was also found that the formation of plate-shaped TiC in carbides of the alloy was due to the fact that the plate-shaped TiC particles were rapidly occluded by so-called surrounding structure at the initial stage of sintering.
Titanium carbide
Cleavage (geology)
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Titanium carbides were studied via molecular dynamics simulation to characterize TiC[Formula: see text] structures with respect to the carbon diffusion properties in this study. The effect of carbon concentration on atomic structures of titanium carbides was investigated through discussing the structure variation and the radial distribution functions of carbon atoms in titanium carbides. The carbon diffusion in titanium carbides was also analyzed, focusing on the dependence on carbon concentration and carbide structure. Carbon diffusivity with different carbon concentrations was determined by molecular dynamics (MD) calculations and compared with the available experimental data. The simulation results showed an atomic exchange mechanism for carbon diffusion in titanium carbide.
Carbon fibers
Titanium carbide
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The inactivation effect of E.coli with different combination modes of UV and chlorine was compared.The result shows that the combination of UV and chlorine can improve the inactivation effect.However,different combination modes and different doses of UV and chlorine affect the inactivation effect.Simultaneous disinfection with UV and chlorine has lower effect than sequential disinfection.During disinfection with chlorine followed by UV,addition of high-concentration chlorine with short contact time has better disinfection efficiency.During disinfection with UV followed by chlorine,high chlorine dose has high inactivation rate.When the chlorine concentration is the same and the contact time is different,the difference of inactivation effect is not significant.
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Titanium carbide
Supersaturation
Carbon fibers
Titanium alloy
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Titanium tetrachloride carried by argon gas was reduced by sponge titanium to lower chloride; and then, the chloride was spread over hign carbon steel to make titanium carbide film formed on the steel surface at 850-1000°C.The properties of titanium carbide layer formed at above 900°C were fairly good in adhesive power and no porosity. The thickness of the layer attained to about 14μ at 1000°C for 225min. with considerably large leveling power. The growth rate was in accordance with the Law of √t and the activation energy was found to be 48Kcal/mol. The rate determining step was supposed to be the diffusion process of carbon from high carbon steel. As the results of electron probe microanalyzer, it was found that the intensity of titanium diffraction in titanium carbide layer was 80-85% of that of pure titanium. That value corresponded to the concentration of titanium in titanium carbide in consideration of that titanium lattice points were partly replaced by 2-7% of iron impurities.
Titanium carbide
Titanium tetrachloride
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The solubilities of titanium and carbon in Fe-Csat Ti alloys were determined at temperatures from 1300°C to 1500°C. Some of the already reported values of titanium solubility were determined by measuring the acid-soluble titanium dissolved in rapidly cooled samples which inevitably contain the particles of titanium carbide sedimented during cooling. The sedimentation of titanium carbide results in the difficulty in determining the accurate solubility of titanium. In order to solve this difficulty, methods were newly devised to measure the total titanium content in rapidly cooled samples.The results obtained are as follows;(1) The solubility of titanium at temperatures from 1300°C to 1500°C was expressed as, log[%Ti]=(-6760/T)+3.965(2) By the use of the carbon solubility in iron with different concentrations of titanium, the temperature dependence of the interaction coefficient, eCTi, at temperatures from 1350°C to 1500°C was determined as, eCTi=(-221/T)-0.072(3) The change of standard Gibbs free energy for the reaction, Ti+Csat=TiC(s), was obtained as ΔG°=-30500+13.3T (cal/mol).
Titanium carbide
Carbon fibers
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Chlorine content,distribution and accumulation,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were influenced remarkably by different amount of chlorine applied.Chlorine content and accumulation increased remarkably as increasing chlorine rate.There was a linear relationship between chlorine rate and chlorine content or accumulation.Chlorine distribution in upper leaves increased evidently as increasing the amount of applied chlorine from 0 kg/hm~2 to 48 kg/hm~2;and distribution in middle and lower leaves increased remarkably as increasing the amount of applied chlorine to 96 kg/hm~2;chlorine distribution in stem and roots had degressive trend as decreasing the amount of applied chlorine.Yield,quality and chemical composition were the best with 24 kg/hm~2 of chlorine applied;no chlorine applied or applied chlorine more than 24 kg/hm~2 had worse effects on yield and quality.
Curing of tobacco
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Investigation of SHS-products in titanium and carbon powder mixtures with excess of titanium content
The products of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in the reaction mixtures of titanium and carbon (carbon black) containing an excess of titanium content with the purpose of obtaining composite "titanium carbide–titanium binder" powders from the synthesis products were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results of the investigation of the phase and elemental composition of SHS powders synthesized in argon, the formation of non-stoichiometric titanium carbide has been established which led to a decrease in the content of the titanium binder in composite powders in comparison with the target values. The results of the study of the morphology and structure dependencies of the carbide phase in composite powders on the content of titanium in reactive mixtures have been discussed in conjunction with the results of the determination of the thermo-kinetic characteristics of SHS in the wave combustion mode.
Titanium carbide
Titanium powder
Carbon fibers
Stoichiometry
Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis
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The mechanism of formation of anomalous carbide (named here for the carbide occluding plate-shaped titanium carbide) in TiC-Mo2C-Ni alloy was in detail studied. The factors affecting the mean grain size of carbide in the alloy, controlled by the mean grain size of two sorts of carbides, that is, normal carbide (occluding granular titanium carbide) and the anomalous carbide were also studied.The results obtained were as follows: (1) It was found that the anomalous carbide formed by solutionreprecipitation of titanium carbide in the localized region of TiC-Ni alloy; such a region has been formed by the non-uniform distribution of Mo2C particles due to inadequate milling. (2) Therefore, the mechanism of formation and the composition of the anomalous carbide were believed to be essentially different from those of normal carbide. (3) The mean grain size of carbides in the alloy has been explained by taking into account the mechanisms of formation of both carbides, alloy compositions and manufacturing conditions, etc.
Titanium carbide
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