Biosphere 2 — A New Approach to Experimental Ecology
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An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.Biota
Biosphere model
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James Hutton (1726-1797) regarded Earth as a super-organism and physiology the science to study it. A strong line of evidence for an intimate relationship of biological and abiotic processes on Earth leads from Hutton to the Gaia theory of J. Lovelock. A less known in the West but important approach to the biosphere as a self-regulating system (the biosphere theory) was proposed V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945). The main concern of this paper revolves around the question: What is the difference between Gaia and the biosphere? To approach the problem of Earth as a super-organism one can use also the biosphere theory of V. N. Beklemishev (1890-1962), who examined the biosphere from a morphological viewpoint.
Evolutionary Theory
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Earth system science
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We place box models within the hierarchy of terrestrial biosphere models used to assess atmosphere–biosphere carbon fluxes, develop the mathematical formulation of biosphere box models, and examine how gross and net fluxes resulting from land-use changes and CO2 and temperature feedbacks can be separately and simultaneously incorporated into box models. We then summarize insights gained from sensitivity studies using a globally aggregated biosphere model, and close with a proposal for combining the box model approach with some of the simpler regionally disaggregated process models.
Biosphere model
Box model
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In 1978, the Kavkazskiy Nature Biosphere Reserve became part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves of UNESCO’s ‘Man and the Biosphere’ Programme. The goals, objectives and requirements for biosphere reserves have changed significantly over these 40 years. In this regard, the Kavkazskiy Biosphere Reserve ceased to meet these requirements. From the standpoint of present requirements, the structure of this Biosphere Reserve is disproportional: a very large core area with a disjunctive buffer area and the lack of a transition area. Since 1978 and up to the present day, the Kavkazskiy Biosphere Reserve has only possessed two functions of the whole range of those typical of biosphere reserves: the protection and the science and research support, which it qualitatively fulfils. It is both expedient and possible to eliminate discrepancies in the structure and functioning of the Kavkazskiy Biosphere Reserve with up-to-date requirements in the case of its expansion by means of forming a continuous buffer area and a transition area around the core area (the present Kavkazskiy Biosphere Reserve). The paper proposes a new structure of the Kavkazskiy Biosphere Reserve and describes the main results and prospects of its functioning.
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Terrestrial ecosystem
Earth system science
Global Change
Biosphere model
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Geological disposal of radioactive wastes is intended to provide long-term isolation of potentially harmful radionuclides from the human environment and the biosphere. The long timescales involved pose unique problems for biosphere modeling because there are considerable uncertainties regarding the state of the biosphere into which releases might ultimately occur.The key to representing the biosphere in long-timescale assessments is the flexibility with which those aspects of the biosphere that are of relevance to dose calculations are represented, and this comes from the way in which key biosphere features, events, and processes are represented in model codes. How this is done in contemporary assessments is illustrated by the Terrestrial-Aquatic Model of the Environment (TAME), an advanced biosphere model for waste disposal assessments recently developed in Switzerland.A numerical example of the release of radionuclides from a subterranean source to an inland valley biosphere is used to illustrate how biosphere modeling is carried out and the practical ways in which meaningful quantitative results can be achieved. The results emphasize the potential for accumulation of radionuclides in the biosphere over long timescales and also illustrate the role of parameter values in such modeling.
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Biosphere reserves aim to reconciliate social and economic development with biodiversity conservation through complex spatial and governance arrangements. However, there is a generalized lack of information about how biosphere reserves are being managed and governed, and at what point their goals are being achieved, which limits a better understanding of the factors influencing biosphere reserve management effectiveness. Building on a systematic review of existing empirical studies, we developed a framework that identifies the main features related to biosphere reserve management effectiveness. We identified four main categories—context, inputs, process and outcomes—and 53 sub-categories, which interact at different scales and shape biosphere reserve effectiveness. We found that the capacity of biosphere reserves to achieve their goals is not only related to the way they are managed/governed, or to the inputs invested, but to many social and ecological contextual factors. We also identified benefits and impacts that were associated to biosphere reserves around the world. Comparing to other social–ecological system frameworks, ours provides a more inclusive approach, since it integrates the findings of studies with different research perspectives, considers a plurality of values attributed to natural resources, and the social–ecological system’s scales dynamics.
Ecological systems theory
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