Transport of hydrophobized fragments of antibodies through the blood-brain barrier
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Hydrophobized and non-hydrophobized Fab fragments of human antibodies against gliofibrillar acid protein (GFAP) and brain specific alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2GP) were used to study their penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These Fab fragments were modified by stearoyl chloride in reversed micelles of aerosol OT in octane (one or two fatty acid residues attached to protein molecule). Modified and non-modified 125I-labelled Fab fragments were intracardially administered to rats. The amount of label accumulated in brain was 55% higher than the total amount in all other organs. In contrast, non-hydrophobized Fab fragments did not penetrate through the BBB. We assume that the artificial hydrophobization of Fab fragments can increase their capability to penetrate through the cell membranes and, in particular, the BBB.Keywords:
Penetration (warfare)
Bringing it all together: Synthesis of a dimeric micelle (see scheme) is shown to produce specifically linked Janus-like micelles. The reaction conditions for dimeric micelle formation were optimized and the resulting micelles characterized. Trimeric, tetrameric, and multimeric micelles were also synthesized using the same technique.
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A size distribution of a binary mixture of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS−P4VP) diblock copolymer micelles was investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. A single-layered film of PS−P4VP micelles fabricated by spin-coating enabled a precise measurement of the micellar size. Depending on the mixing protocols, a mixture of pristine small and large micelles or a mixture of pure small micelles and hybridized micelles were formed due to the difference in the kinetics of micelle formation between the copolymers having short and long insoluble P4VP blocks. In addition, the kinetically frozen micelles excluded further evolution of the micelles produced. We also demonstrated feasible creation of an ordered array of copolymer micelles with the mixing protocol which produced nonhybridizing micelles.
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The self-assembly process of amphiphilic dendritic copolymers (ADPs) with a hydrophilic core and a hydrophobic shell was investigated via laser light scattering. The self-assembly occurs via a fast step and a slow step with different relaxation times. At the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the fusion of small micelles results in the rapid increase of the micelle size in the fast step. The slow step is associated with equilibrium through the fission and fusion of the micelles. The micelle size increases with the unimer concentration, which leads to a lower micelle concentration. The lower micelle concentration makes the relaxation time of the fast step increase with increasing unimer concentration. However, the fusion of larger micelles at higher concentration is more efficient to increase micelle size. The fusion of small micelles with large micelles at higher concentration accelerates the approaching equilibrium of the micelles except for the fission and fusion of micelles. With the increasing degree of amidation (DA), the relaxation time in the fast step increases and in the slow step it decreases.
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This experiment is designed to study the properties of different reverse micelle,and determine Wo,viscosity and conductivity value of AOT/isooctane single reverse micelle system and AOT-Tween 85/isooctane-n-octyl alcohol mixed reverse micelle system.Results show that,on the same Wo conditions,the viscosity of AOT-Tween 85 mixed reverse micelle is greater than AOT single reverse micelle.The viscosity of AOT reverse micelle increased and then reduced with the increase of Wo,but AOT-Tween 85 reverse micelle increased.The conductivity value of two different reverse micelle system are increased and then decreased with the increase of Wo,and the Wo,max of AOT- Tween 85 conductivity value moved to a bigger Wo value as the mass ratio of the AOT increased.The experimental results show that,due to the increase of Wo,reverse micelle inter-atomic forces increase between molecules,thus the number of gathered reverse micelle increase,so viscosity increases,but the difference of two reverse micelle system is mainly due to water soluble ability.Conductivity can also react micelle change behavior,AOT-Tween 85 reverse micellepooldiameter is bigger AOT reverse micelle under the same conditions.
Thermodynamics of micellization
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Reverse Micelles Formation of Reverse Micelles Micelle Size and Structure Reverse Micelles Dynamics pH and Effect of the Ionic Strength in the Reverse Micelles Enzymes, in Reverse Micelles Enzymes Inside Reverse Micelles Biocatalysis in Reverse Micelles Lipases in Reverse Micelles Lipase Applications in Reverse Micelles Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Enzymes Using Reverse Micelles Concluding Remarks Bibliography
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By means of time-resolved static and dynamic light scattering, association processes of micelles are investigated for polystyrene-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane) in the mixed selective solvent, n-octane/methylcyclohexane, where the micelle can take either a hollow spherical structure or a hollow cylindrical structure, depending on the condition of micelle formation. The following are revealed: The cylindrical micelles are not thermodynamically stable ones but are temporally formed in the course of micelle formation. Micellization from the unimer state or micellar relaxation from one micelle state to another micelle state does not monotonically proceed to reach the destination but passes through the formation of cylindrical micelles having association numbers larger than those of both initial and equilibrium micelles. At lower temperatures and lower concentrations, the cylindrical micelles with larger size and longer time stability are easily formed. The formation of the large cylindrical micelles is the result of a rapid growth of micelles by elongating into the cylindrical shape, which may come from bilayer structure of the micelles.
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