389 Experience in a specialized heart failure unit in a tertiary care hospital in Egypt: demographic characteristics and in-hospital outcome of patients with severe heart failure
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The evidence of outcome bias was explored in a two-player (Player 1: allocator and Player 2: evaluator) economic game experiment where the reward allocation was made between two players. The experimental factors were the intention of an allocator (Player 1), the type of chosen dice (selfish, fair, and generous), and the outcome (selfish, fair, and generous). The outcome bias occurred when the type of dice chosen by the allocator (Player 1) was not only a selfish one but also a generous one. The comparison between the two conditions (intentional and no-intentional conditions) definitely showed that Player 2 punished Player 1 to a larger extent when the outcome was disadvantageous for Player 2 (selfish outcome) and Player 2 rewarded Player 1 when the outcome was advantageous (generous outcome) irrespective of whether the die was chosen out of the three types intentionally or not. Moreover, the outcome bias was not observed when the outcome was fair. Thus, we could verify the hypothesis that we are readily got trapped in the outcome bias. Some implications were given for safety management that put more emphasis on the process than on the outcome.
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Background: The practice of generic medicines prescribing, dispensing, and substitution in developing countries has been controversial among doctors, particularly due to issues on quality, safety, and efficacy. These controversies are as a result of country to country differences in drug policies and laws as well as individualized knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals related to generic medicines. Moreover, generic medicines in the past have been criticized for being substandard mainly due to poor adherence with good manufacturing practice guidelines.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare knowledge, attitude, and practice of generic drugs among teaching faculties in a tertiary care teaching hospital.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire in a tertiary care teaching hospital in south Gujarat. The questionnaire was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice about generic drugs. The medical teachers working in the institute during the study period were included. The data were analyzed by MS Excel. Responses were calculated in percentage.
Results: Of all participants, 54% were male and majority and 83% were postgraduate degree holders. It was known to 61.8% faculties that generic drug contains the same active substance(s) as the innovator drug, while 63.2% knew that it is used at the same dose(s) to treat the same disease(s) as the innovator drug. Among faculties, 72% believed the fact that generic drug manufacturers need to conduct bioequivalence studies to show equivalence between the generic and innovator drug. Most of the faculties (75%) did not agree that generic drugs are more costly than their innovator counterpart. Among faculties, 59% had not ever switch a patient on innovator drug to available generic drugs. Only 2% were not in favor of supporting generic drug prescribing.
Conclusion: Although a good percentage of medical faculties had knowledge about generic medicines, there was gap on knowledge and perception toward generic and brand drugs. Hence, mass awareness programs seemed to be necessary to fill this gap and that would increase the use of generic drugs which ultimately would reduce healthcare expenditure.
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We formulate a dynamic learning-and-adjustment model of a market in which sellers choose signals that potentitally reveal their types. If the dynamic process selects a unique limiting outcome, then that outcome must be an undefeated equilibrium; though to be undefeated does not suffice to be the sole limiting outcome. If a Riley outcome exists that provides type sellers with a higher utility than any other equilibrim outcome, then that outcome is the unique limiting outcome of our model. In the absence of a Riley outcome,. or if high type workers obtain higher utility in a pooling equlibrium than in the Riley outcome, a unique limit outcome will only emerge under very stringent conditions. If these conditions fail, the market will cycle between various equlibria and, possibly, nonequilibrrium outcomes.
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The Quasi-purchase system of research outcome is a research funds' system based upon research outcome. The thesis analyses the characteristics of research outcomes' honour under the quasi-purchase system of research outcome. It researches the evaluation of the follow-up impact of the honoured outcome. And make a greater impact on the honoured outcome for incentives and penalties for false results of the proposal.
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