Band application of slurry in orchards using a prototype spreader with an automatic rate controller
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Core Ideas Directional components of splash erosion and effects of raindrop kinetic energy were investigated. Lateral splash erosion played a significant role in supplying detached particles to adjacent areas. We fit equations for total and net splash erosion to rainfall physical parameters. We used cross‐validation to test the equations. Splash erosion is an important process of hillslope erosion. However, there is little information available in the literature to show how rainfall physical parameters affect the directional components of splash erosion. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of rainfall physical parameters (rainfall intensity [RI], raindrop kinetic energy [KE], and raindrop diameter) on the directional components (upslope, lateral, downslope) of splash erosion characteristics in the Chinese Mollisol region. A specially designed soil pan, which can measure the directional components of splash erosion, was subjected to designed rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h −1 and varying raindrop KE. The results showed that the total splash erosion (downslope plus upslope plus lateral splash erosion), directional components of splash erosion, and net splash erosion (downslope minus upslope erosion) on hillslopes significantly increased as RI and raindrop KE increased ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, splash erosion from downslope, lateral slope, and upslope contributed 32.2, 26.3, and 14.5%, respectively, of total splash erosion. Additionally, raindrop KE and raindrop median volume diameter ( D 50 ) were the key indicators affecting both total and net splash erosion. The equations between total and net splash erosion with both parameters of raindrop KE and raindrop D 50 were fitted. The cross validation results showed that the two equations had acceptable accuracy. Therefore, preventing raindrop impact by using conservation tillage methods, such as retaining crop residue or mulch cover, can effectively reduce splash erosion in the Mollisol region of Northeast China.
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Raindrop splash is one of the main dynamic of hills lope water erosion,and the amount of splash erosion is controlled by surface soil condition.In this paper,the effect of raindrop diameter and soil density on the amount of splash erosion is studied.The results show that the amount of splash erosion is negatively correlated with soil density and positively correlated with raindrop diameter.The amount of splash erosion decreases with the increase of the distance from splash cup,and follows exponential distribution.The amount of splash erosion is affected by raindrop diameter and soil density,the relationship of which can be described by the function Ms=0.029 d3.764·ρ5.128.
Water erosion
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Measurements of the downhill splash transport due to single rain fall events were made using a splash board and a modified Bollinne splash trap set up in a field plot of sandy loam soil. The splash board was found to consistently record a greater amount of splash transport than that recorded by the modified Bollinne splash trap. A previously published model of the splash transport process is used to develop an expression for the overestimate by the splash board and this shows good agreement with the observed overestimate. This analysis suggests that the overestimation effect is due to direct in fall of splashed soil particles into the splash board trough in addition to the particles that are initially intercepted by the vertical surface of the splash board. It is concluded that, since this effect is difficult to avoid under field conditions, the modified Bollinne splash trap is to be preferred for accurate measurement of splash transport.
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High-speed movies of splash formation caused by waterdrop impact at terminal velocity in thin water layers show that splash size increases with drop size. For increasing water depth, splash size increases to a maximum at a depth of one-third drop diameter; splash size then decreases to a constant size for depths greater than three drop diameters.
Terminal velocity
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Particle (ecology)
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Abstract Experiments under artificial rainfall conditions showed that the initial, excessive loss from the type of splash cup frequently used in splash‐cup experiments was attributable not only to material being pushed sideways over the edge of the cup by the impact of drops near the perimeter of the exposed surface, but also to a decrease in the rate of splash loss. The amount of excess material lost during this initial period was not significantly influenced by the frequency of drop impact, but was significantly influenced by the force of drop impact. Consequently, it is unlikely that the effect was attributable to changes in the hydraulic conditions within the erodible material, but may have been attributable to changes in the roughness of the exposed surface. A calibration, specific to the size, shape and velocity conditions of the impacting drops, may therefore be required where the initial loss makes a significant contribution to the total loss from a splash cup. It is also probable that such a calibration may also be specific to the physical nature of the erodible material and to the hydraulic characteristics of the splash‐cup system.
Drop Impact
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Splash size is an important factor in competitive diving and is considered to have a large effect in final judged scores. The aim of this research was to develop a system to determine the splash size during different stages of the dive entry. One diver was recorded during a training session and their dives analysed using the developed system. Three splash metrics were calculated at time of complete entry and maximum splash: (1) width of splash, (2) height of splash and (3) size of splash. Results indicated that there was no relationship between the splash metrics at complete entry and time of maximum splash. This may have implications for the scoring of a dive if the judge is unable to distinguish between these two splash events.
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Splash is the first step of water erosion;it is the direct results of raindrop strike on soil;it is a process that raindrop kinetic energy is being reduced and the soil particles are being removed from here and there.Scholars researching the factors of rain splash from home and abroad focused on rainfall characters,soil characters and topography element,etc.The key factors for the raindrop splash include slope gradient,meteorology factors,plant coverage and structure of soil.Splash amount increased with rise of slope gradient,but it will decrease after the slope gradient more than a critical degree;increasing with higher intensity and larger diameter of rain drop.Surface plants could redistribute rain drop directly,which include cuting off flow,throughfall and trunk stream.If the thickness of surface covers is more than 1cm,the rain splash could be avoided.Different sizes of soil particles have specific anti-splash ability.The particles whoes diameters are around 0.15mm could be splashed most easily.Soil anti-splash ability could be improved with the increase of crust thickness.But most researches on the splash were done in simulation situation in laboratory,less under natural,and agricultural conditions.So splash researches should investigate into the patterns of rain splash under the condition of different crops,crop production approach and tillage styles in terms of the reality that slope farmlands cover a great part in some areas of China and achievments made by researches.
Drop Impact
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Abstract Many research workers in soil erosion have measured soil and sand splash from impacting water drops or raindrops. Size and shape of the soil containers have varied. A theoretical study was made to determine the possible effect of the geometric parameters on the measurement of soil splash. The results show that estimates of soil detachment by raindrop impact could be substantially affected by the size and shape of the container.
Water erosion
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