Catalytic removal of nitrates from waters
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Isothermal process
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On chemical kinetics of silicon deposition from silane (II). Comparing 1st‐ and 0.5th‐reaction order
Abstract Theoretical expressions for silicon layer deposition from silane pyrolysis within an open isothermal reactor tube has been derived for 0.5 th order of chemical reaction with restricting the discussion to homogeneous gas reaction, and compared to the analogous expressions of chemical reaction characterized by 1 st order relationship. Both kinds of theoretical equations give results free from contradictions when applied to experimentally based data of silane consumption on the one hand and silicon deposition distribution on the other, at least, with respect to those data published by Puga. First order reaction is characterized by an activation energy of Δ E aSi = 34 – 39 kcal/mole, and 0.5 th order reaction by Δ E aSi = 23 – 26 kcal/mole. Chemical reaction of 0.5 th order is to be preferred rather than 1 st order.
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The water-gas shift reaction, CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2, provides a method for extracting the energy from the toxic CO by converting it into usable H2 along with CO2. For such an reaction depends on activity of catalyst so study of different metal based catalyst including Cu, Fe, Ni, Pd, Rh and Ru is in centre of interest. Generally all gas phase reaction is carried out in catalytic bed and all the reaction kinetics is based on some mechanism and also depends on catalyst property. Some of mechanism and kinetics of catalytic reaction is illustrated from researcher's literature and also from catalyst manufacturer. Mathematical model for such water gas shift reaction is beneficial for study of Concentration profile & Temperature profile. Thus we could get smooth curve for concentration profile by doing modeling and simulation of such catalytic reaction. The main aim of modeling and simulation of any reaction are to provide or compare appropriate kinetics for particular reaction and also sometimes it used to comparison among different catalysts.
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A multiple-metal(Ni-Cu-Mn-K/Al_2 O_3)catalyst was prepared by impregnated method.The effects of technology parameters and global kinetics on the water gas shift reaction using this catalyst were investigated.The results of technology parameters showed that the increase of the vapor/gas(v/g)radio enhanced CO conversion,the optimum v/g radio for was gas shift reaction was from 0.8 to 1.5.The space velocity had only a negligible effect on the CO conversion,revealing a good operating flexibility for the catalyst in the water gas shift reaction process.With the reaction temperature rising,there was an extreme operating temperature for CO conversion around 400℃.Its global kinetics was also investigated in an internal-circulation gradientless reactor,and a power law type global kinetics model for the water gas shift reaction using this catalyst was regressed by the non-linear square method.The results based on the global kinetics model were in very good agreement with the experimental data.It is demonstrated that the model is liable and suitable.
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This paper deals with the test results of the study on the reaction kinetics of sawdust pyrolysis.Under the condition of different temperature rising rate,the reaction mechanism and process of biomass pyrolysis are changed.For temperature rising rate of 4.2 and 40 ℃/min,both TG-DSC-T curves are similar in their endothermal peaks.For temperature rising rate of 4.2 ℃/min over 390 ℃,chemical reaction kinetics can not be expressed by traditional mathematical model and the reaction rate appears to be in a linear relation with reaction temperature.For heating rate of 40 ℃/min within the scope of turning points(at 385-490 ℃) the reaction kinetics also can not be expressed with the mathematical model formula used usually.However for reaction temperature in the scope of 490-700 ℃,the reaction kinetics can be expressed by mathematical model with very good correlation of linear regression.The reaction activation energy of E=29.53 kJ/mol is greatly lower than the data of the usual trials(generally E=70-110 kJ/mol).For temperature rising rate of 10 and 20 ℃/min,both TG-DSC-T curves of pyrolysis reaction are similar,and their (reaction) kinetics mathematical models comform to the traditional expression method basically.These research results indicated that different heating rates determine the process of reaction.It can be deduced from test results,that the mechanism and process of fast pyrolysis reaction are different from those of the usual pyrolysis reaction,and (correspondingly) the reaction activation energy,an important physical parameter for reaction,will change significantly.
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Water-gas shift reaction
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In order to evaluate the feasibility of tritium recovery from tritiated water by thermochemical decomposition using ZrNi5, the kinetics of reaction between ZrNi5 and water vapor was studied by thermogravimetric method in the temperature range from 673K to 823K. The result shows that reaction rate increased significantly with the increasing of temperature and H2O concentration; the reaction mechanism for ZrNi5 can be described by the first-order chemical reaction, and the reaction is first order for H2O concentration. The reaction activation energy of ZrNi5 is 55.8kJ/mol calculated from the Arrhenius equation.
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The kinetics of reaction between NaNO2 and NH4Cl was studied.The results show that the reaction is a second order reaction,and the reaction rate constant(k) is in direction proportion to H+ concentration in the system;the activation energy of this reaction is 50.26 kJ/mol,the kinetic equation of this reaction is dC/dt =-2.066×107CH+e-6045/TC2.
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