RELATION BETWEEN PLASMA-CORTISOL, PLASMA-ANDROGEN-SULPHATES, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER
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1.5.2 Metabolism and the Excretion of the Steroid Hormones (Animation)
-What are the principal metabolites of the steroid hormones?
-What are the principal conjugates of steroid hormones?
-What are the routes of the excretion of steroid hormones?
-What is the half-life of each of the major steroid hormones in the circulation?
-How does a steroid hormones circulate after being synthesized in the ovarian cell?
-How does a steroid hormone circulate after being ingested?
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Journal Article Steroid Hormones and Tumors. Tumorigenic and Antitumorigenic Actions of Steroid Hormones and the Steroid Homeostasis. Experimental Aspects Get access Steroid Hormones and Tumors. Tumorigenic and Antitumorigenic Actions of Steroid Hormones and the Steroid Homeostasis. Experimental Aspects. By Lipschutz Alexander, M.D., Formerly Professor of Physiology, Hon. M. Roy. Soc. Med. (Endocrinol.), Director of Department of Experimental Medicine, National Health Service of Chile. 309 pp., 111 figs. $6.00. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1950. Henry S. Guterman Henry S. Guterman Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 21, Issue 9, 1 September 1951, Page 867, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/21.9.867 Published: 01 September 1951
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Steroid hormones are extremely important natural hormones in all vertebrates. They control a wide range of physiological processes, including osmoregulation, sexual maturity, reproduction and stress responses. In addition, many synthetic steroid hormones are in widespread and general use, both as human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. Recent advances in environmental analytical chemistry have enabled concentrations of steroid hormones in rivers to be determined. Many different steroid hormones, both natural and synthetic, including transformation products, have been identified and quantified, demonstrating that they are widespread aquatic contaminants. Laboratory ecotoxicology experiments, mainly conducted with fish, but also amphibians, have shown that some steroid hormones, both natural and synthetic, can adversely affect reproduction when present in the water at extremely low concentrations: even sub-ng/L. Recent research has demonstrated that mixtures of different steroid hormones can inhibit reproduction even when each individual hormone is present at a concentration below which it would not invoke a measurable effect on its own. Limited field studies have supported the conclusions of the laboratory studies that steroid hormones may be environmental pollutants of significant concern. Further research is required to identify the main sources of steroid hormones entering the aquatic environment, better describe the complex mixtures of steroid hormones now known to be ubiquitously present, and determine the impacts of environmentally-realistic mixtures of steroid hormones on aquatic vertebrates, especially fish. Only once that research is completed can a robust aquatic risk assessment of steroid hormones be concluded.
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FOR almost twenty years workers in the steroid field have had the objective of relating the tissue steroid hormones to specific urinary metabolites. To this end, studies on the metabolism of steroid hormones have been made by the following approaches: a) a search for steroid hormones from testes, adrenals, placentae and ovaries, b) a search for steroid compounds in urines from animals and human subjects, and c) a search for steroid hormone metabolites in urine after the administration of steroid hormones to human subjects. As a result of these studies, almost 100 naturally occurring steroids have been isolated from tissue and urinary sources and 7 neutral steroid hormones have been submitted to in vivo metabolic investigations. On the basis of new experimental data, particularly with respect to the metabolism of adrenocortical hormones and in the light of some of the earlier findings, it is now possible to make some tentative generalizations which aid in the understanding of the basic relationship between the tissue steroid hormones and their urinary metabolites in human subjects. These generalizations may also be important in understanding the changes in steroid metabolism that occur in such conditions as old age, stress, and disease.
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Based primarily on the innovative studies by Samuels, Tait and their collaborators, it is now widely acknowledged that certain steroid hormones are freely interconverti ble. The critical observation in the development of the "prehormone" concept was that conversion rates calculated from steroid analyses in blood differed from those estimated from urinary metabolites (Baird et al., 1969). Provided that a biologically inactive precursor of an active hormone may be found, then prehormone-hormone relationships may be extensively explored.
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STEROID hormones are familiar clinically and physiologically as regulators of physiological processes. Five groups of steroid hormones are generally recognized according to their physiological behavior: mineralocorticoids, which instruct the renal tubules to retain sodium; glucocorticoids, which are named for their carbohydratemobilizing properties but have many other effects as well; estrogens, which induce female secondary sexual characteristics; progestins, which are essential for reproduction; and androgens, which induce male secondary sexual characteristics. These classes of steroid hormones are structurally similar and arise from a common series of pathways. They are distinguished by their actions on one or more specific steroid hormone receptors. The hormone/receptor complexes function as tissue-specific transcriptional regulators of distinct domains of genes and, consequently, exert their broad array of physiological effects. (For reviews, see Refs. 1 and 2.) The pathways by which these steroid hormones are produced from cholesterol were initially studied by studying the structures of the steroids themselves. Over the past 30 yr, studies of enzyme kinetics and of steroidal precursorproduct relationships have led to the widely held belief that a very large number of distinct enzymes are involved in the conversion of cholesterol and its esters to active steroid hormones. The application of modern protein chemistry and molecular biology to these questions has radically changed this view.
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is mainly a philosophical dissertation on subjects related to medicine and in the field of medicine.Although interesting
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Steroidal hormones produced by humans and animals are constantly excreted into the environment in their active forms. The primary steroid hormones are progesterone, estrone, estradiol, testosterone, and cortisol, all of which are lipophilic and poorly soluble in water. The steroids of major concern are estrone and estradiol-17β, since they exert their physiological effects at a lower concentration than other steroids and can be found in the environment in concentrations above their LOEL for fish and plants (10 ng/l). The steroid hormones can be readily measured in run-off, soil, and groundwater, but each steroid has its distinct pathway of transport. Since the major source of steroids in the environment appears to be cattle and chickens, the hormonal steroid input into the environment could be drastically reduced by well-established techniques such as buffer strips and composting.
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Summary Some aspects of recent experimental approaches to the molecular basis of steroid hormone action are reviewed. Among the topics considered are: (1) the bearing of structure-activity relationships, and of pathways for the metabolism of steroid hormones, on the problem of the nature of the primary cellular receptors for these hormones; (2) coenzyme-like actions of sex hormones in isolated enzyme systems; (3) steroid hormones as allosteric effectors; (4) steroid hormones as regulators of gene expression and of intermediate reactions involved in nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
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