Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat, Maize, and Faba Bean
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Abstract One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean. Keywords: Faba beanIntercroppingFertilizerMaizeNutrient acquisitionWheat Acknowledgments We thank the Major State Basic Research Development Program of the People's Republic of China (Project number G1999011707) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project number 30070450) for generous financial support.Keywords:
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A field experiment was conducted during 1991-93 to evaluate 4 genotypes of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and 2 genotypes of soybean [Glycine max'(l.) Merr.] in soybean-based intercropping system to study the advantage of intercropping. The results interpreted indicating that the various lines of pigeonpea selected from the promising genotype 'ICPL 87' showed a Ya1;able response with soybean genotypes in intercropping. The intercropping of soybean-pigeonpea genotypes gave land-equivalent ratio of 1.26-1.36. Only 5 out of 8 intercropping treatments of soybean and pigeonpea genotypes gave an economic advantage of 1 (monetary equivalent ratio 1.01) to 11 % (monetary equivalent ratio 1.11) compared with the most economic sole crop in respect to grain yield. The disparity between the values of land-equivalent ratio and monetary equivalent ratio indicates that substantial agronomic advantage does not guarantee an economic advantage in intercropping.
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A field experiment was conducted in mid-altitudes of Meghalaya during the kharif season of 2015 to study the effect of intercropped legumes and their planting pattern on the yield and nutrient uptake of legumes. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice. Three legumes namely mungbean, soybean and groundnut were intercropped with maize in additional series as 1:1 intercropping and two rows of intercrop legumes in between paired rows of maize included in the study. All the growth and yield parameters of intercrops (soybean, mungbean and groundnut) were considerably affected when intercropped with maize except for harvest index. In all three legumes, their sole planting recorded considerably higher uptake of total N, P, K over their intercropping treatments. Total uptake N and K was recorded considerably higher from sole soybean while total uptake of P was recorded considerably higher from sole groundnut.
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Proper sowing orientation and spacing are important factors for best crop growth. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different planting patterns with and without lentil intercropping on sugarcane growth and yield and farm economics. Each of these treatments were planted as sole crop and intercropped with lentil. Data were collected on plant cane and first ratoon crop. The maximum stripped cane yields (154.36 t/ha and 130.28 t/ha in plant and ratoon crop, respectively) were obtained from sugarcane planted at 120 cm trench planting both as sole as well as lentil intercropped. This treatment also attained 61% and 43% higher total sugar yields compared to traditional 60 cm single rows planting in plant and ratoon crops, respectively. Lentil intercropping did not have any significant effect on sugarcane yield, but trench planting at 120 cm with lentil intercropping had the highest lentil seed yield (598.0 in 2013–2014 and 629.8 kg ha−1 in 2014–2015) along with maximum land equivalent ratio (1.40 and 1.37), net return (Rs.321254/ha), net field benefit (Rs.491703/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.01). Sugarcane at 120 cm trench planting with lentil intercropping also outperformed other planting patterns in improving economic returns.
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An experiment was conducted during three consecutive years of Rabi (2011-12 to 2013-14) at Agricultural Research Station-Ummedganj, Agriculture University, Kota (Rajasthan) on wheat based intercropping system. The experiment consisted of ten treatment combinations viz., two irrigation regimes (IW/CPE ratio 0.4 and 0.6) and five intercropping system (wheat + gram (6:4), wheat + mustard (6:4), wheat + fenugreek (6:4), wheat + field pea (6:4) and sole wheat) were under taken in split plot design with four replications.It is evident from pooled data the maximum wheat equivalent yield (53.68 q/ha) was observed with irrigation regime at IW/CPE ratio 0.6 over application of IW/CPE ratio 0.4 (45.04 q/ha). Among intercropping, wheat + gram (6:4) intercropping system gave significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (58.50 q/ha) overwheat + mustard (6:4)(50.91 q/ha), wheat + fenugreek (6:4)(46.28 q/ha) and wheat + field pea (6:4)(46.08 q/ha) intercropping system as well as sole wheat (45.04 q/ha), respectively. Significantly higher water use efficiency (23.49kg/ha-cm) was recorded under wheat + gram (6:4) intercropping system over wheat + mustard (6:4), wheat + fenugreek (6:4) and wheat + field pea (6:4) intercropping system as well as sole wheat.The maximum net return (Rs.55810/- ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.6) was observed with irrigation regime at IW/CPE ratio 0.6 as compared to IW/CPE ratio 0.4. Among intercropping, wheat + gram (6:4) intercropping system gave significantly higher net return (Rs.62426/- ha-1) and B:C ratio (4.0) over wheat + mustard (6:4), wheat + fenugreek (6:4) and wheat + field pea (6:4) intercropping system as well as sole wheat.
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Abstract Cassava, corn and drybeans were tested under sole cropping and under all possible intercropping combinations in Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil. The crops were planted with and without fertilizer (N, P, K), which generated fourteen cropping systems. Yields of beans were not affected by either intercropping systems or fertilization. Yields of corn and cassava were affected by intercropping systems, fertilizer, and cropping systems fertilizer interaction. LER values were significantly different among cropping systems but were not affected by fertilization. This indicates that the advantage of intercropping was not improved by the addition of nutrients.
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Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for two years during kharif seasons of 1997-98 and 1998-99 to evolve suitable system of sowing pigeonpea and greengram in intercropping system and to fix optimum dose of fertilizer to pigeonpea + greengram intercropping system. Growing of pigeonpea applied with full recommended dose of fertilizer in paired rows with greengram applied with either 1/3rd (5:10 kg NP/ha) or 1/6th (2.5:5 kg NP/ha) of recommended fertilizer was found to be the best intercropping system.
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In this research different cropping systems under agro-climatic conditions of D. I. Khan were studied, during 1995-1997 at Gomal University D.I. Khan. Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design was used in the experiment with 24 plots, replicated three times. The study revealed that yields and yield components of major field crops like rice, wheat, and cotton responded differently when followed after different legume and non-legume crops. There was a substantial increase in the parameters after legume based cropping systems than non-legume. During Summer 1995, yield and yield components of rice were not significantly influenced in various cropping systems and different locations. It was due to the reason that the .experiment was conducted on the fields where a wheat crop was harvested previously on both the locations. During Summer 1996, yield and yield components of rice were significantly affected in various cropping systems. Yield in rice was higher in Berseem-rice than gram-rice system while locations showed no significant effect on it. During winter 1995 -96, under different cropping systems, the plant height, number of tillers m-2,number of spikes m-2, and number of spikelets spike-1 in wheat differed significantly. These yield components were higher in legume based cropping system (Mung-wheat) compared to non legume (rice-wheat, and maize-wheat) systems. Among the non-legume systems, these parameters were reduced in maize-wheat system than rice-wheat system. Similarly, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield in wheat was significantly higher in legume based (Mung-wheat) cropping system. During Winter 1996-97, the yield and all other yield components except number of spikelets spike-1 were also significantly affected in wheat in different cropping systems. Comparatively the maximum plant height, number of tillers m-2, and number of spikes m-2 was achieved in green manure-wheat system followed by fallow-wheat system. Performance of wheat was better in rice-wheat than cotton-wheat system.
Overall the legume based system and fallow-wheat proved to be the best during this season. In case of cotton, all the yield components and yield was significantly increased in berseem-cotton than wheat-cotton system. Hundred seed weight in cotton was not significantly different in different cropping systems. Cropping systems under study showed negligible differences in nitrogen content of the soil. However, after the harvest of different crops in different phases of the study, the nitrogen contents of the soil increased progressively from initial N status of the soil due to the increase in cropping intensity. Similarly the differences in phosphorous content in the soil were also negligible. The little variations in phosphorous contents of the soil were probably due to the presence of higher quantities of clay in the soil which adsorbed the added soluble phosphorous.
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