100 W-class solar pumped laser for sustainable magnesium-hydrogen energy cycle
Takashi YabeBehgol BagheriTomomasa OhkuboShigeaki UchidaKunio YoshidaTakayuki FunatsuT. OishiKazuya DaitoManabu IshiokaNorihito YasunagaYuji SatoChoijil BaasandashYoshiaki OkamotoK. Yanagitani
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A solar pumped laser system with 7%–9% slope efficiencies has been developed. A Fresnel lens (2×2 m, f=2000 mm) is mounted on a two-axis sun tracker platform and focuses solar radiation toward laser cavity, which embraces Cr:Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic rod. The maximum emitted laser power is 80 W corresponding to maximum total area performance of 20 W/m2 for the Fresnel lens area. This solar laser system would be used as a section of power plant in a magnesium energy cycle as a cost-efficient solar energy converter. Using direct solar radiation into laser, 4.3% net conversion efficiency has been achieved.Keywords:
Fresnel lens
This study reports the current progress of the novel thermal-actuated tunable focal-length micro polymer (PDMS) lens. The prototype of solid state only tunable lens demonstrates a typical variation of focal length from 1852 mum to 1083 mum under a 60 mA driving current. Moreover, this study also demonstrates the capability to integrate the tunable polymer lens with other optical components such as the conventional and dual-focus Fresnel lens. The resulted compound (PDMS+Fresnel) lens reduced the focal-length of Fresnel lens from 13500 mum to 5038 mum. Moreover the focal-length of compound lens was further dropped to 3523 mum at 60 mA driving current. A dual-focus compound lens was also realized to reduce its focal-length from 8000 mum/4000 mum to 1343 mum/975 mum. The compound lens has potential to further perform beam shaping and remove aberrations.
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Terbium
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A system dedicated to the optical transmittance characterization of Fresnel lenses has been developed at NREL, in collaboration with the UPM. The system quantifies the optical efficiency of the lens by generating a performance map. The shape of the focused spot may also be analyzed to understand change in the lens performance. The primary instrument components (lasers and CCD detector) have been characterized to confirm their capability for performing optical transmittance measurements. Measurements performed on SoG and PMMA lenses subject to a variety of indoor conditions (e.g., UV and damp heat) identified differences in the optical efficiency of the evaluated lenses, demonstrating the ability of the Scanning Lens Instrument (SLI) to distinguish between the aged lenses.
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Yttrium Yttrium isopropoxide was synthesized from yttrium and ioproxide by direct reaction. Yttria powders were prepared from yttrium alkoxide by sol-gel process. IR, XRD and TEM studied their structures and morphologies. The results showed that: yttrium isopropoxide could be prepared by direct reaction of metal and alcohol. IR, XRD results investigated that hydroxide yttrium and yttrium could be obtained after hydrolyzing and sintering. The morphologies of hydroxide yttrium powders were network structures formed by irregular particles, those of yttria powders were single particles.
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A system dedicated to the optical transmittance characterization of Fresnel lenses has been developed at NREL, in collaboration with the UPM. The system quantifies the optical efficiency of the lens by generating a performance map. The shape of the focused spot may also be analyzed to understand change in the lens performance. The primary instrument components (lasers and CCD detector) have been characterized to confirm their capability for performing optical transmittance measurements. Measurements performed on SoG and PMMA lenses subject to a variety of indoor conditions (e.g., UV and damp heat) identified differences in the optical efficiency of the evaluated lenses, demonstrating the ability of the Scanning Lens Instrument (SLI) to distinguish between the aged lenses.
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Characterization
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The demand for process heat particularly low pressure steam is increasing in recent past. Solar energy can be utilized for generating medium temperature (100°C -150°C) low pressure (T<200°C) steam. By using solar concentrators, low pressure steam can be generated by using low cost technology (1). Fresnel lens solar concentrators are very useful to generate low pressure steam for industrial and cooking applications. The study of performance of Fresnel lens solar concentrator and steam generation using Fresnel lens solar concentrator is presented in this paper. The overall efficiency of Fresnel lens solar concentrator is around 51% and can generate process steam required in the industry. The thermal performance and cost benefits of Fresnel lens solar concentrator are also described. The studies presented in this paper concerns with Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrator System which are most useful for generating process heat for industrial applications. Thermal performance of Fresnel lens solar concentrator (FLSC) system can be studied by evaluating useful heat gain from the system when exposed to solar radiation (1). FLSC system consists of Fresnel lens, receiver tracking system and heat removing device. An attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of FLSC system with two methods viz.continuous fluid flow test method and Steam generation test method. The study reveals that Fresnel lens Solar Concentrator system has a very good potential in generation of low pressure steam.
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The oxidation of two iron\|based alloys containing 15wt% and 30wt% yttrium as well as pure yttrium has been studied in pure oxygen of 0.1 MPa.Both alloys formed an external scale containing a mixture of iron and yttrium oxides and double Fe\|Y oxides.A region of internal oxidation of yttrium was formed in the alloys.The microstructure of the internal oxidation region followed closely that of the original alloys and there was no any yttrium depletion in the internal oxidation region.These results are examined by taking into account the limited solubility of yttrium in iron and the presence of intermetallic compounds in the alloy.
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