Energy-efficient on-node signal processing for vibration monitoring
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In recent years, the use of wireless sensor networks for vibration monitoring is emphasized, because of its capability to continuously monitor at hard-to-reach locations of complex machines. Low power consumption is one of the main requirements for the sensor nodes in continuous and long-term vibration monitoring. However, the power consumption of state-of-the-art wireless sensor nodes is significantly increased by wireless radio in continuously transmitting the raw vibration data to the base station. One of the ways to reduce the power consumption is to reduce the duty-cycle of wireless transmission. Accurately processing the vibration data on the sensor node and transmitting only the critical information, such as natural frequency, defective frequency and amplitude of the vibration, will not only reduce the amount of data transmitted but also the duty cycle of the wireless communication. It eventually leads to reduction of total power consumed by the sensor nodes. In this paper the capability of a sensor node to accurately process the real-time vibration data is analyzed and the corresponding power consumption is measured. In particular, impact-based analysis of real-time vibration data is performed by breaking complex signal-processing tasks into manageable segments on the sensor nodes to minimize algorithmic complexity while still meeting real-time deadlines of the algorithm. As a result, it is found that the accuracy of the on-node signal processing is comparable with conventional off-node monitoring methods, whilst reducing total power consumption.Keywords:
Sensor node
Duty cycle
SIGNAL (programming language)
A wireless sensor network is made up of battery operated devices that have sensing, processing and transmitting capabilities. The design constraint of a wireless sensor network is its network lifetime. In order to prolong the network lifetime, the sensor nodes must be able to use the minimal energy to transmit data to the base station. Hence, an efficient protocol is needed. One method to reduce the energy consumption among sensor nodes is to use mobile base station instead of static base station. This approach allows the base station to move closer to sensor nodes in order to reduce the communication distance between them. Consequently, it decreases the energy utilisation of the network. Another approach is by using the clustering method in which the sensor nodes in a network are grouped into clusters and only the cluster heads relay the aggregated data to the base station. However, this approach would be a burden to the cluster heads. Hence, the task of the cluster head could be alternated among sensor nodes so that the energy load among all sensor nodes is balanced. This paper proposes an energy efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks using mobile base station which is based on the clustering approach with role rotation.
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Standby power
Electro-optical sensor
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Due to the cost-effective nature and deployment flexibility of wireless sensor network (WSN), it has been extensively used in many real world applications. Sensor nodes are relatively inexpensive and capable of data processing and wireless communication with some level of intelligence, they play a key role in real world applications. Precision irrigation in agriculture is a key application of wireless sensor network. Typically, a sensor node is powered by its on-board battery source. This limitation fully or partially contributes to causing many problems in the network such as the loss of connectivity of a sensor node known as orphaned-node. Moreover, available number of sensor types in a sensor node is typically limited and it requires a significant modification in hardware and software interfaces to extend the number of sensor types. In this paper, we propose an adaptive sensor node system combining a flexible hardware prototype and innovative energy harvesting techniques to optimise the performance of the network operating in a large farming environment.
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Wireless Sensor Networks consists of a wireless sensor network, all the nodes communicate with each other by means of wireless. Any given node collects information from environment by means of a sensor and forwards it to another node which in turn forwards the information to another node so that the information can reach at the gateway node. It is the gateway node which interfaces between the nodes and the server where all the collected information from all the nodes are stored and further processed [1]. Sensor nodes that are able to interact with their environment by sensing or controlling physical parameter; these nodes have to collaborate in order to fulfill their tasks as usually, a single node is incapable of doing so; and they use wireless communication to enable this collaboration. A sensor is a small device that has a micro-sensor technology, low power signal processing, low power computation and a short-range communications capability. Sensor nodes are conventionally made up of five basic components: Microcontroller, power supply, transceiver unit, memory unit and sensor unit.
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Visual sensor network
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Building a wireless sensor network first of all requires the constituting nodes to be developed and available. These nodes have to met the requirements that come from the specific requirements of a given application. They might be small, cheap (energy efficient), they have to be equipped with the right sensors, the necessary computation and memory resources, and they need adequate communication facilities, joining them into wireless sensor network. Event mobility is one of the mobility types in the wireless sensor network. In this paper a study of the sensor properties which have direct effect on the power of the sensor node itself and the total power of the network. Sensor Radius, Sensor Period and Sensor Energy Cost are important properties related to the sensor, these properties have different effects on the power consumption in the network. These properties also have the effect on the number of packets received by the observer in the network.
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Visual sensor network
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Wireless sensor nodes are used in variety of applications and their requirements are not fully known to the designer during the design and development stage. Similarly wireless sensor node consists of number of off-the-shelve components which increases the power consumption of the wireless sensor node. So in this paper a wireless sensor node with a soft core processor and remote hardware reconfiguration facilities is proposed. The proposed architecture will provide over-the-air remote modification facilities even after the deployment of the wireless sensor node. FPGA is used in the wireless sensor node design in order to increase the processing capabilities of the system to meet the target applications. The challenges and the design concept of the proposed wireless sensor node are presented in this paper.
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Wireless WAN
Control reconfiguration
Fixed wireless
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A sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which have sensing functions and wireless communication functions, and a single sink node which is a base station node of the sensor network. Sensor nodes sense some environmental phenomena and send data packets about the phenomena to the sink node by multi-hop communications. Generally sensor nodes are battery-driven. Therefore shortening battery power of a single sensor node gives negative effects to other sensor nodes whose data packets are relayed by the sensor node. Moreover it is practically impossible to exchange or recharge batteries of sensor nodes because of the large number of sensor nodes. (It is difficult to specify a deployed place where a sensor node whose battery becomes short exists.) In order to prolong the lifetime of sensor networks, this paper proposes a method where newly added sensor nodes are integrated with an original sensor network autonomously instead of exchanging or recharging batteries. Also this paper shows results on simulation experiments for evaluating the proposed method.
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Sink (geography)
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Wireless sensor node is an autonomous and compact device that has capability to monitor a variety of real-world phenomena. It is designed composed of sensing device, embedded processor, communication module, and power equipment. Wireless sensor node is part of wireless sensor network where hundred or thousand sensor node can be deployed. Over the past decade Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as one of the computing platforms of note within the electronics community. In prediction, there will be more than 127 million wireless sensor nodes deployed worldwide by 2014. We have surveyed 100 currently available wireless sensor network node platforms have been developed and produced not only by the research institutions, the universities but also some companies in last ten years. In this paper, we present a review of 27 different wireless sensor node platforms. We review these devices under a number of different parameters, and we highlight the key advantages of each node platform according to dimension and power consumption. We also discuss the characteristics and trend of development and deployment a wireless sensor node technology.
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Wireless WAN
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The basic component of wireless sensor networks is sensor node, and it is one of the most investigated complex issues in wireless sensor networks. Within this investigation concept, one of the major topics focused on wireless sensor networks is designing sensor node equipment. In this study, a new wireless sensor node design was proposed. In this design, a low-power PIC and a low-power transceiver-receiver device were used. In order to connect various sensors to the node, an expansion slot was designed. The software that runs on the microcontroller was written in the PIC-C language, and it could be adapted for different routing algorithms and sensor types. So this paper presents an alternative low cost and low powered sensor node design and implementation for usage of the researchers and practitioners.
Sensor node
Visual sensor network
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Sensor node is the basic unit of wireless sensor network. A lot of wireless sensor network nodes can constitute network through self-organization. Taking advantage of the various sensors in the nodes,they can sample and process the various parameter of the area covered with node. In this paper,the structure of wireless sensor network node is analyzed,and the design of the node hardware circuit and the structure of the node software are presented our node is based on the low power micro-processor ATmega128,the peripheral sensor and RF communication module CC2420,which can realize the function of monitoring the area when observed.
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