Reproducibility of self-reported menopause age at the 24-year follow-up of a population study of women in Göteborg, Sweden
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In Brief Objective: To study the reproducibility of self-reported age at natural menopause, reported by women in their 70s, compared with menopause age reported in the initial postmenopausal period. Design: A prospective study conducted in Göteborg, Sweden, based on a random sample of the total female population, started in 1968-1969, with follow ups in 1974-1975, 1980-1981, and 1992-1993. A total of 1,009 women born in 1922, 1918, or 1914 (participation rate 90.3%), representative of women of the respective ages in the general population, participated in the initial examination in 1968-1969. Of those women reporting natural menopause some time between 1968 and 1981, 565 women recalled their menopause age in 1992. Results: The mean interval between the first and second reports was 18.3 years. The mean difference between first-reported and recalled menopause was 0.05 years. When menopause age was recalled in 1992-1993, 55.6% of the women with a natural menopause recalled their age at menopause correctly within 1 year, 22.6% underestimated their menopause age by more than 1 year, and 21.8% overestimated their menopause age by more than 1 year. Women undergoing early menopause (<45 years) tended to overestimate menopause age, whereas women undergoing late menopause (>55 years) tended to underestimate menopause age. These differences could not be explained by age, interval since menopause, smoking, exercise, education, or socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Menopause ages reported at an interval of almost 20 years showed a significant correlation. However, a regression tendency of the values toward the mean was observed, suggesting that strong correlation at the group level does not imply precision at the extremes. In this prospective population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden, menopause ages reported at an interval of almost 20 years showed a significant correlation. The reproducibility of initially reported menopause age was acceptable at ages 70 to 78 years, but women with early and late menopause ages were likely to recall values closer to the mean. This is of potential importance in risk assessments on the individual level (ie, screening studies involving self-reported menopause age in relation to different endpoints such as breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis).目的：加齢とともに高血圧の罹患率は増加するが，閉経との関連は明らかではない．女性の加齢及び閉経による血管系に及ぼす影響を明らかにするため，年齢により分類し比較検討した．方法：151名の中高年女性を性成熟期群，移行期群，閉経期群に分類し，身体計測，血圧測定，血液生化学検査，上腕・足首脈波速度（brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity：baPWV），血圧脈波検査（Augmentation Index：AI），内皮依存性血管拡張反応（flow-mediated vasodilation；％FMD），心エコー図検査を実施し，3群間の心・血管系に及ぼす影響を比較した．結果：収縮期血圧は性成熟期群に比し閉経期群，移行期群が有意に高値を示し，移行期群と閉経期群間にも有意差がみられた．baPWVは，性成熟期群に比し閉経期群で有意に高値を示し，移行期群と閉経期群間にも有意差がみられた．AIは性成熟期群に比し閉経期群，移行期群が有意に高値を示した．％FMDは性成熟期群，移行期群に比し閉経期群が有意に低値を示し，血清クレアチニン，推算糸球体濾過値（eGFR），高感度CRPは有意に高値を示した．E/Aは性成熟期群に比し閉経期群，移行期群が有意に低値を示し，移行期群と閉経期群間にも有意差がみられた（いずれもp<0.05）．結論：加齢および閉経により血圧の上昇，動脈硬化の進行，血管内皮機能の低下などが認められた．女性の健康管理や心血管イベント防止のためには，年齢に応じたエストロゲンの作用による心血管系の変化を理解することが重要であることが示唆された．
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Introduction. Welcome to Menopause. Signs of Menopause. Creating a Healthy and Empowering Passage through Menopause: Getting Started On the Six--Step Healthy Menopause Program. Step 1: Nutrients and Menopause--Vitamins, Minerals, and Special Nutrients. Step 2: Diet and Menopause--The Way to Eat. Step 3: Herbs and Menopause. Step 4: Exercise and Menopause. Step 5: Stress Management and Menopause. Step 6: Hormone Replacement Therapy. Staying Healthy as You Age. Glossary. Sources. Resources. Index.
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Climacteric
Menstrual period
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Menopause is caused by biological factors namely ovarian aging, hormonal changes, inheritable factors, lifestyle factors, auto immune diseases and smoking. Symptoms of menopause are hot flashes, night sweats, irregular periods, vaginal changes, mood swings, sleep disturbances, cognitive changes, weight gain, bone health, cardio vascular health and urinary symptoms. Treatment is based on hormone replacement and herbal therapy. It is finally concluded that taking proper treatment may be result in a good response.
Hypoestrogenism
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Menopause can occur spontaneously (natural menopause) or it can be surgically induced by oophorectomy. The symptoms and complications related to menopause differ from one patient to another. We aimed to review the similarities and differences between natural and surgically induced menopause by analyzing the available data in literature regarding surgically induced menopause and the current guidelines and recommendations, the advantages of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in low and high risk patients, the effects of surgically induced menopause and to analyze the factors involved in decision making.
Surgical Menopause
Oophorectomy
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Menopause is defined as amenorrhea for one year. Signs and symptoms are categorized as physical and psychological changes, including depression, hot flushes and ageing. Woman's responses to menopause are governed by lifestyle factors. The purpose of this study was to determine how Iranian women experience menopause and hormone therapy. A qualitative inquiry was conducted through semistructured, in-depth interviews to explore study questions in 11 menopausal women. Participants had positive and negative menopause experiences. Negative menopause experiences are due to severity of symptoms. Menopause can be facilitated by increasing women's knowledge about this phase and ways to cope with it.
Depression
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Menopause leads to rapid bone loss, mainly as a result of estrogen deficiency superimposed on the age-related linear bone loss. The influence of age at menopause on bone loss is unclear, although early menopause is widely considered a risk factor for osteoporosis. Vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 1667 women divided into five groups according to hormonal status and age at menopause. Menopausal status was an independent predictor of BMD in a multiregression analysis, along with current age, years since menopause (YSM), weight, and height. For the same chronologic age (55 years), women with early menopause had a 15% lower BMD and a higher YSM than women whose menopause occurred later ("normal" menopause). After adjusting for the interval since menopause, postmenopausal women with early menopause were found to have lower vertebral BMD than postmenopausal women with normal menopause. Finally, after the age of 60, 66% of the women with early menopause had a BMD that was below the fracture threshold compared to 18% of the women with normal menopause. The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that early menopause is associated with a quantitatively higher bone loss than in women with menopause of later onset and thus constitutes a risk factor for osteoporosis.
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The menopausal transition premature ovarian failure psychological aspects of the menopause and HRT the urogential effects of the menopause the uterus and the menopause the breast and the menopause the metabolic effects of the menopause and oestrogen replacement the menopause and the skeleton - key issues the menopause and the caridovascular system - mechanics hormone replacement therapy - present and future.
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Premature Menopause
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Premature Menopause
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Menopause age can affect the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of early menopause (menopause occurring before age 45 y) and menopause age with N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a potential risk marker of CVD and heart failure.Our cross-sectional study included 2,275 postmenopausal women, aged 45 to 85 years and without clinical CVD (2000-2002), from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Participants were classified as having or not having early menopause. NT-proBNP was log-transformed. Multivariable linear regression was used for analysis.Five hundred sixty-one women had early menopause. The median (25th-75th percentiles) NT-proBNP value was 79.0 (41.1-151.6) pg/mL for all participants, 83.4 (41.4-164.9) pg/mL for women with early menopause, and 78.0 (40.8-148.3) pg/mL for women without early menopause. The mean (SD) age was 65 (10.1) and 65 (8.9) years for women with and without early menopause, respectively. No significant interactions between menopause age and ethnicity were observed. In multivariable analysis, early menopause was associated with a 10.7% increase in NT-proBNP levels, whereas each 1-year increase in menopause age was associated with a 0.7% decrease in NT-proBNP levels.Early menopause is associated with greater NT-proBNP levels, whereas each 1-year increase in menopause age is associated with lower NT-proBNP levels, in postmenopausal women.
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