Function ex vivo of 111 In‐Labelled Human Platelets Simultaneous Aggregation of Labelled and Unlabelled Platelets Induced by Collagen
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The function of 111 In‐labelled platelets has been assessed by collagen‐induced aggregation of platelets in samples of whole blood. The blood samples were drawn after injection of autologous 111 In‐labelled platelets in 19 subjects undergoing platelet kinetic studies. It was thus possible to measure the aggregability of labelled and unmanipulated platelets simultaneously. 111 In‐labelled platelets aggregated to the same extent as unmanipulated platelets when tested from 10 min to 24 h after injection of the labelled platelets. The results confirm the assumption that minimal damage is inflicted on the platelets during the isolation and labelling procedures, and support the concept that platelets manipulated in vitro may recover in vivo within a few minutes after reinjection.Keywords:
Ex vivo
No AccessJournal of UrologyInvestigative Urology1 Feb 2010In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Isotherms for Renal Cryotherapyis companion ofUnintended Consequences of Laparoscopic Surgery on Partial Nephrectomy for Kidney Cancer Jennifer L. Young, Surendra B. Kolla, Donald L. Pick, Petros Sountoulides, Oskar G. Kaufmann, Cervando G. Ortiz-Vanderdys, Victor B. Huynh, Adam G. Kaplan, Lorena A. Andrade, Kathryn E. Osann, Michael K. Louie, Elspeth M. McDougall, and Ralph V. Clayman Jennifer L. YoungJennifer L. Young , Surendra B. KollaSurendra B. Kolla , Donald L. PickDonald L. Pick , Petros SountoulidesPetros Sountoulides , Oskar G. KaufmannOskar G. Kaufmann , Cervando G. Ortiz-VanderdysCervando G. Ortiz-Vanderdys , Victor B. HuynhVictor B. Huynh , Adam G. KaplanAdam G. Kaplan , Lorena A. AndradeLorena A. Andrade , Kathryn E. OsannKathryn E. Osann , Michael K. LouieMichael K. Louie , Elspeth M. McDougallElspeth M. McDougall , and Ralph V. ClaymanRalph V. Clayman View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.09.072AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract Purpose: Preoperative planning for renal cryotherapy is based on isotherms established in gel. We replicated gel isotherms and correlated them with ex vivo and in vivo isotherms in a porcine model. Materials and Methods: PERC-17 CryoProbes™ (1.7 mm) and IceRods™ (1.47 mm) underwent trials in gel, ex vivo and in vivo porcine kidneys. Temperatures were recorded at 13 predetermined locations with multipoint thermal sensors. Results: At the cryoprobe temperatures were not significantly different along the probe in any medium for either system (p = 0.0947 to 0.9609). However, away from the probe ex vivo and in vivo trials showed warmer temperatures toward the cryoprobe tip for each system (p = 0.0003 to 0.2141). Mean ± SE temperature 5 mm distal to the cryoprobe tip in vivo was 19.2C ± 16.1C for CryoProbes and 27.3C ± 11.2C for IceRods. Temperatures were consistently colder with CryoProbes than with IceRods in gel (p <0.00005), ex vivo (p <0.00005) and in vivo (p = 0.0014). At almost all sites temperatures were significantly colder in gel and in ex vivo kidney than in in vivo kidney for CryoProbes (p = 0.0107 and 0.0008, respectively) and for IceRods (each p <0.00005). Conclusions: Gel and ex vivo isotherms do not predict the in vivo pattern of freezing. Thus, they should not be used for preoperative planning. The cryoprobe should be passed 5 mm beyond the tumor border to achieve suitably cold temperatures. Multipoint thermal sensor probes are recommended to record actual temperature during renal cryotherapy. References 1 : Global increases in kidney cancer incidence, 1973–1992. Eur J Cancer Prev2002; 11: 171. Google Scholar 2 : The natural history of incidentally detected small renal masses. 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J Endourol2001; 15: 193. Google Scholar 24 : Temperature measurements of the low-attenuation radiographic ice ball during CT-guided renal cryoablation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol2008; 31: 116. Google Scholar University of California-Irvine, Orange, California© 2010 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesJournal of Urology14 Dec 2009Unintended Consequences of Laparoscopic Surgery on Partial Nephrectomy for Kidney Cancer Volume 183Issue 2February 2010Page: 752-758 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2010 by American Urological AssociationKeywordstemperaturekidney neoplasmsinstrumentationcryosurgerykidneyMetricsAuthor Information Jennifer L. Young More articles by this author Surendra B. Kolla More articles by this author Donald L. Pick More articles by this author Petros Sountoulides More articles by this author Oskar G. Kaufmann More articles by this author Cervando G. Ortiz-Vanderdys More articles by this author Victor B. Huynh More articles by this author Adam G. Kaplan More articles by this author Lorena A. Andrade More articles by this author Kathryn E. Osann More articles by this author Michael K. Louie More articles by this author Elspeth M. McDougall More articles by this author Ralph V. Clayman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
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The endpoints of in vivo and in vitro assays applied to cells after exposure to a potential oncogenic transforming agent are cellular tumorigenicity and transformation. Tumors are failures of in vivo growth control; transformations are failures of in vitro growth control. Many agents cause tumors in vivo, many agents transform normal cultured cells, and some agents do both. However, even when caused by a single agent, the in vivo and in vitro endpoint assays show only a partial overlap. That is, some but not all tumors will grow as transformed cells in culture, and some but not all in vitro transformants will be tumorigenic on injection into susceptible animals (Shin et al., 1975). Recently, we have described a subset of in vitro phenotypic changes that correlate with in vivo tumorigenicity (Steinberg et al., 1979; Barrett et al., 1979; Pollack, 1981). In this chapter, we will describe recent studies on one of the in vitro changes linked to tumorigenicity, the disruption in organization of cyto-skeletal actin.
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Abstract In vivo data acquisition using fiberoptic diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is more complicated and less controlled compared to ex vivo data acquisition. It would be of great benefit if classifiers for in vivo tissue discrimination based on DRS could be trained on data obtained ex vivo. In this study, in vivo and ex vivo DRS measurements are obtained during colorectal cancer surgery. A mixed model statistical analysis is used to examine the differences between the two datasets. Furthermore, classifiers are trained and tested using in vivo and ex vivo data. It is found that with a classifier trained on ex vivo data and tested on in vivo data, similar results are obtained compared to a classifier trained and tested on in vivo data. In conclusion, under the conditions used in this study, classifiers intended for in vivo tissue discrimination can be trained on ex vivo data.
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Platelet function was studied in CPD whole blood stored at 4°C for one and three days and in platelet concentrates stored at room temperature for the same periods of time. Comparisons were made of platelet shape, nucleotide content, β-thromboglobulin (βTG) liberated during storage, and platelet aggregation in response to ADP, collagen, sodium arachidonate and ristocetin. It was found that in whole blood the shape of the platelets was less discoid than in platelet concentrates. However, platelet aggregation in response to ADP, collagen, and sodium arachidonate was preserved better in whole blood than in platelet concentrates. Platelet nucleotides were the same in whole blood as in platelet concentrates, but the plasma levels of βTG were less in whole blood. The results show that as judged by aggregation, βTG release and nucleotide content, platelets from whole blood were at least as functional as those from platelet concentrates. However, platelets from whole blood had lost their discoid shape, which suggests that they would have a short survival in the circulation.
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Determination of in vivo optical properties is a challenging problem. Absorption and scattering measured ex vivo are often used for in vivo applications. To investigate the validity of this approach, we have obtained and compared the optical properties of mouse ears in vivo and ex vivo in the spectral range from 370 to 1650 nm. Integrating sphere spectrophotometry in combination with the inverse Monte Carlo technique was employed to determine absorption coefficients, μa, scattering coefficients, μs, and anisotropy factors, g. Two groups of mice were used for the study. The first group was measured in vivo and ex vivo within 5–10 min post mortem. The second group was measured in vivo and ex vivo every 24 h for up to 72 h after sacrifice. Between the measurements the tissues were kept at 4 °C wrapped in a gauze moistened with saline solution. Then the specimens were frozen at −25 °C for 40 min, thawed and measured again. The results indicate that the absorption coefficients determined in vivo and ex vivo within 5–10 min post mortem differed considerably only in the spectral range dominated by hemoglobin. These changes can be attributed to rapid deoxygenation of tissue and blood post mortem. Absorption coefficients determined ex vivo up to 72 h post mortem decreased gradually with time in the spectral regions dominated by hemoglobin and water, which can be explained by the continuing loss of blood. Absorption properties of the frozen-thawed ex vivo tissues showed increase in oxygenation, which is likely caused by the release of hemoglobin from hemolyzed erythrocytes. Scattering of the ex vivo tissues decreased gradually with time in the entire spectral range due to the continuing loss of blood and partial cell damage. Anisotropy factors did not change considerably.
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