Application of the quartz crystal microbalance to the monitoring of Staphylococcus epidermidis antigen–antibody agglutination
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Agglutination (biology)
Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Crystal (programming language)
Adding the pigments, methylenblue and fuchsin, to the antigens (E(1)-coli) in advance, their effects to increase the agglutination titer have been studied. The results were as follows: 1) The pigment solution must have the optimal concentration. 2) The agglutination shows higher titer when fuchsin is added than the case of methylenblue. 3) The fuchsin added to H-antigen increases the titer remarkably, but the fuchsin added to O-antigen does not work so evidently. 4) Both, the suspensions of living and formalin-treated bacteria have been tested. The agglutination with living bacteria shows higher titer than with formalin treated ones. In the case of formalin treatment, its lower concentration gives relatively higher titer.
Agglutination (biology)
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Adding the pigments, methylenblue and fuchsin, to the antigens (E1-coli) in advance, their effects to increase the agglutination titer have been studied. The results were as follows:1) The pigment solution must have the optimal concentration.2) The agglutination shows higher titer when fuchsin is added than the case of methylenblue.3) The fuchsin added to H-antigen increases the titer remarkably, but the fuchsin added to O-antigen does not work so evidently.4) Both, the suspensions of living and formalin-treated bacteria have been tested. The agglutination with living bacteria shows higher titer than with formalin treated ones. In the case of formalin treatment, its lower concentration gives relatively higher titer.
Agglutination (biology)
Direct agglutination test
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It has been shown1-4 that, in a significant proportion of cases, rheumatoid arthritis sera agglutinate certain strains of hemolytic streptococci and precipitate group-specific fractions of these organisms. Lancefield's demonstration of distinct serological groups within the hemolytic streptococci, , has made possible a more detailed study of the nature and significance of these immunological reactions. Agglutination and precipitation tests were carried out with rheumatoid arthritis and control sera using representative strains of Groups A to G as agglutinogens and group-specific extracts as precipitinogens. Similar studies were recently carried out by McEwen, Chasis and Alexander. Agglutination. Seventy-six rheumatoid arthritis sera were examined for agglutinins against Group A organisms, 60 against group B, 47 against group C, 67 against group D, 15 against group E, 15 against group F, and 14 against group G by the technic previously described. The results were classified as “positive,” “doubtful” or “negative”. In classifying the reactions both the character of the agglutination and the titer were taken into consideration. Sera agglutinating in a titer of 1:160 or higher were considered “positive” only if they gave a strong reaction in lower dilutions. Sera agglutinating in a titer of 1:160, 1:320 or even higher were considered “doubtful” unless the reactions in the lower dilutions were definitely more marked than in the higher dilutions. Sera were classified as “negative” when agglutination occurred in dilutions of less than 1:40.
Agglutination (biology)
Serial dilution
Group A
Latex fixation test
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The capability of 154 serum samples from pediatric outpatients and 101 samples from adults to agglutinate amoebae of Naegleria fowleri nN68 was assessed. Sera from all 19 infants tested had an agglutination titer of 1:4 or less; sera of toddlers had a median agglutination titer of 1:8 and those of adults, 1:16. Only 13 of 154 serum samples from children had titers of 1:32 or 1:64; 7 of these high titered sera were from the 38 asthmatic children. Selected sera were found to give comparable titers when assayed against eight other strains of N. fowleri. Agglutination activity was removed by absorption with N. fowleri but not by absorption with N. gruberi. The agglutinating activity was specific for the human pathogenic N. fowleri. The ubiquitous free-living N. gruberi was not the immunogen responsible for the agglutinating activity in human serum.
Naegleria fowleri
Agglutination (biology)
Immunogen
Naegleria
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Agglutination (biology)
Dithiothreitol
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Summary A study of the technic of influenza agglutination-inhibitive tests is reported. The effects of variations in the concentrations of test cells on virus titer and inhibition titer have been studied. A comparison between the results obtained with human 0 cells and chick cells has been made. The results of these experiments are discussed with reference to the future standardization of the agglutination-inhibitive test.
Agglutination (biology)
Direct agglutination test
Hemagglutination tests
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The potency of a polyvalent antimeningococcus serum, as tested by its agglutination titer, was sacrificed by immunization with a large number of strains of the meningococcus. By immunization with a limited number of representative strains, four or six, carefully selected on account of their antigenic and agglutination properties, the potency was increased three- to tenfold without sacrificing the polyvalency; that is, as tested with at least 70 heterologous strains of the meningococcus. The agglutination titer, unfortunately, is not an entirely satisfactory criterion of therapeutic potency, but it is the only practical method available that determines also the polyvalent action of antimeningococcus serum.
Agglutination (biology)
Heterologous
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Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Crystal (programming language)
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膜を用いた浄水処理には従来の処理と比較して様々な利点がある一方で,膜ファウリングが大きな問題となる.近年の研究においてバイオポリマーと総称される高分子量親水性有機物が膜ファウリングの発生に強く関与することが示唆されている.本研究では特徴の異なる複数の原水よりバイオポリマーを回収・精製し,これらが発生させる膜ファウリングの差異について検討した.バイオポリマー濃度を統一して実施した膜ろ過試験では原水毎に膜ファウリング発生速度が明らかに異なっており,原水が異なるとバイオポリマーの特性が変化することが示された.バイオポリマー特性の差異はLC-OCDを用いた分子量分布測定,赤外スペクトル分析においても明白であり,バイオポリマーの大半が多糖類より構成される場合には不可逆的ファウリングの発生をより深刻にする可能性が示された.消散監視機能付き水晶振動子マイクロバランス(QCM-D)による分析では興味深い結果が得られた.QCM-D分析において膜材質ポリマーであるPVDFとの高い親和性が示されたバイオポリマーが高い膜ファウリングポテンシャルを有していた.また,バイオポリマーの粘弾性がファウリングの可逆性を説明する可能性が示唆された.今後QCM-Dを用いた分析データを充実させていくことで,膜ファウリングが発生しにくい膜材質を適切に選定できる可能性がある.
Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Biofouling
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A sheep cell agglutination determination of antistreptolysin O titer was made on each of 98 consecutively submitted serum specimens and compared with the titer obtained by the conventional ASO hemolytic technic. The results were compared by a linear regression analysis; the linear correlation coefficient was 0.82. In addition, 49 of the 98 serum specimens, randomly selected, were examined with the latex agglutination ASO method. The chance of overlooking an elevated (> 166 Todd units) titer with the sheep cell agglutination method is 8.9%, or by following the manufacturers' dilution directions (1/100), only approximately 5%.
Agglutination (biology)
Antistreptolysin
Latex fixation test
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