Basic Biomechanics of the Spine
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Abstract:
The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic biomechanical information concerning the spine, its components, and the spinal cord. It is shown that this information is helpful in understanding the fundamental functions of the spinal column. The experimentally determined physical properties of the vertebra, various spinal ligaments, the disc, and the spinal cord under many different loading conditions are described. The role of the special characteristics of the spine ligaments in allowing physiological motions of the spine, preventing excessive motions between vertebrae, and protecting the spinal cord during trauma are discussed. Movements of the spinal cord within the spinal canal and associated changes of its section during physiological movements of the spine are also described. The kinematics of the various regions of the spine are discussed and their clinical significance is presented. The problems of spinal trauma and its associated spinal instability are analyzed. Guidelines are recommended to assess spinal stability. The proper application of such guidelines will provide the basis for sound clinical judgments. (Neurosurgery, 7: 76-93, 1980)Keywords:
Biomechanics
Vertebral column
Spinal column
Vertebra
The spinal column (vertebral column or backbone) provides both structural and nervous system support for your entire body. Made up of 34 bones, the spinal column holds the body upright, allows it to bend and twist with ease and provides a conduit for major nerves running from the brain to the tips of the toes—and everywhere in between. Here we explain the basics about spinal anatomy to help you understand your back or neck pain, the doctor’s diagnosis and treatment plan, and 10 steps you can take today to help prevent a spine problem. The entire spinal column consists of 24 individual bones called vertebrae (singular vertebra), plus 2 sections of naturally fused vertebrae—the sacrum and the coccyx—located at the very bottom of the spine. When most people talk about the spinal column, they’re actually referring to the vertebral column: the 24 circular vertebrae that march down the middle of the back. A normal vertebral column creates a graceful, double-S curve when viewed from the side of the body.
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A new model of prophylactic sporting activity has been developed in the Cracow School Sports Center. Children and adolescents with postural lesions and various kinds of spinal curvature which did not exceed 15 degrees, including pubertal diseases of the vertebral column practise there types of sport adapted to the given physical characteristics, in order to avoid the appearance of painful conditions in the vertebral column region.
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Some abnormalities notiosd In the constituents of the vertebral columns
of 9 specimens of mackerel are reported. These include ossified haemal braces
farming plate-like structures, fused as well as closely apposed vertebrae, b'fid
haemal spine, super-numerary neural and haemal arches and spines, absence of
neural spine and fused proximal halves of neural spines which distally remain
separate.
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To discuss the division of the vertebral column in Urodela,the vertebral column characteristics of Batrachuperus pinchonii(Hynobiidae) was studied by a clearing and double staining method as a case in the present paper,and the morphological characteristics of each section of the vertebral column were described.The results showed that the vertebral column of B.pinchonii could be divided into five sections based on the morphological characteristics of vertebra.At the same time,combined with the vertebral column characteristics of 94 specimens from 20 species of other hynobiid salamanders and 27 specimens from 6 species of salamandrids and literature,the division of vertebral column in Urodela was discussed.The results show that it is reasonable to divide the vertebral column of Urodela into five sections,including cervical vertebra,truck vertebra,sacral vertebra,caudosacral vertebra and caudal vertebra.
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The aim was to study the length parameters of the spinal column in a comparative aspect depending on gender and age in children under 8 years of age. It was found that the parameters of the spinal column in healthy girls and boys aged 0-7 years change abruptly, depending on the period of development of children. In early childhood, there was a rapid growth of the spinal column in girls 0-7 years old than in boys of the same age. The ratios of morphometric indicators of various parts of the spinal column changed with age - in the early period of childhood they were noted in the cervical and lumbar regions, and in the second period of childhood they were more pronounced in the thoracic and sacral regions of the spinal column. It has been proven that the length of the thoracic spine is more than half of the total length of the spinal column. Of all parts of the spinal column, the thoracic part in the first year of life and in subsequent years increased at a high rate, this is due to the development of the organs of the thoracic cavity and their functions.
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It is not always possible to correlate bony column injuries with spinal cord injuries. Usually in severe disruption of the vertebral column severe neurological damage results, but not always. On the other hand, minor column disruptions usually do not cause neurological deficit, but sometimes total neurological dysfunction accompanies them.
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Objective To evaluate the MRI features of multiple myeloma(MM)and metastases in the vertebral column.Methods Selection in our hospital for treatment of the spine from April 2011 to April 2015, a total of 32 patients with multiple myeloma and a total of 31 patients with spinal metastases, analysis of the MRI characteristics of both. Results In MM, 150 vertebra were involved, in which 13.3% appendixes wereimplicated; 6.0% vertebra bodies were destroyed and metamorphosed; In metastases, 90 vertebra were involved and the distribution was capering, in which 51.1% appendixes were involved; 57.8% vertebra bodies were metamorphosed. Conclusion MRI for diagnosis of multiple myeloma and metastatic tumors of the spine has a certain value.
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The results of treatment of 136 patients with primary and metastatic tumors, affecting the vertebra and compressing the spinal cord or its roots were analyzed. The kind and adequacy of access, method of excision of the vertebral column tumor, volume of the tumoral resection, type of used system of the vertebral column stabilization were evaluated. Histological peculiarities of the vertebral column tumors were studied and classified.
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A vertebral fragment of the Late Jurassic ornithopod dinosaur Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from Tanzania is described. It consists of a hemivertebra that is co-ossified with a complete vertebral centrum. The hemivertebra causes a hyperkyphotic posture of the vertebral column with an angle of approximately 35 degrees between the end plates of the vertebra, that is, a dorsal bending of the vertebral column. Associated with this is a 15 degrees lateral bending, which suggests a scoliosis. Micro-CT scans reveal thickening of the cortical bone in the hemivertebra and the complete vertebral centrum as compared to a "normal" vertebra. This can be interpreted as a reaction of the bone to the abnormal direction of forces arising from the defective configuration of the vertebral column. No signs of vertebral fracture are present. The arrangement of the Foramina venosa and the trapezoidal outline of the complete centrum that is co-ossified with the hemivertebra indicate that the hemivertebra in Dysalotosaurus developed early in embryogenesis probably by "hemimetameric segmental shift", that is, a defect of the fusion of the paired vertebral anlagen. This finding illustrates that hemivertebrae represent a fundamental defect of the vertebrate ontogenetic program.
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