Folic Acid Functionalized Nanoprobes for Fluorescence‐, Dark‐Field‐, and Dual‐Imaging‐Based Selective Detection of Cancer Cells and Tissue
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Abstract Folate‐functionalized quantum dots, gold/silver nanoparticles, and magnetic quantum dots have been synthesized and used as fluorescence, dark‐field, and dual‐imaging probes for the detection of cancer cells and tissues. A very efficient and generalized folate‐functionalization method has been developed for various amine‐terminated nanoparticles. The advantages of the presented approach are that it can be used to synthesize a wide range of folate‐functionalized nanoparticles and the number of folate molecules per nanoparticle can be controlled easily to tune their interaction with folate receptors present at the cell surface. These folate‐functionalized nanoparticles have been used as cellular and tissue‐imaging bioprobes. Results show that folate‐functionalized nanoparticles act as efficient and selective imaging probes in targeting cancer cells and tissues and labeled cells/tissues can be detected by using different imaging modalities.Keywords:
Surface Modification
Folate receptor
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
Surface Modification
Triethoxysilane
Silanes
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Folic acid (M (r) = 441, Fig. 1 ) is a vitamin essential for de novo nucleotide synthesis and one-carbon metabolism. The ability to acquire folate, therefore, is important to the viability of proliferating cells. Fig. 1. Folic acid.
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The removal of excess CO2 from the atmosphere is expected to play a major role in the mitigation of global warming. Solid-state adsorbents, consisting of CO2-binding functionalities on porous supports, can provide high CO2 capture capacities with low energy requirements. In this contribution, we report on the vapor-phase functionalization of porous carbon fibers with amine functionalities. Functionalization occurs either via direct exposure to cyclic azasilane molecules (2,2-dimethoxy-1,6-diaza-2-silacyclooctane) or by the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 followed by exposure to azasilane. XPS analysis and SEM/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements confirmed Al2O3 deposition and amine functionalization. Yet, the two different functionalization approaches led to different amine loadings and distinct differences in porosity upon functionalization, which affected CO2 capture. Combining Al2O3 and amine functionalization resulted in fast CO2 sorption with superior capturing efficiency. In contrast, direct functionalization resulted in strong reduction of the surface area of the porous support and limited gas exchange. We attribute the superior capture efficiency to the porosity level achieved when combining Al2O3 and amine functionalization demonstrating that this approach might be valuable for compact high-throughput direct air, CO2 capture systems.
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A thermally induced functionalization process for gallium nitride surfaces with 1-alkenes is introduced. The resulting functionalization layers are characterized with atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and compared to reference samples without and with a photochemically generated functionalization layer. The resulting layers show very promising characteristics as functionalization for GaN based biosensors. On the basis of the experimental results, important characteristics of the functionalization layers are estimated and a possible chemical reaction scheme is proposed.
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The back cover picture shows a novel synthesis route of fluorescent carbon dots by using folic acid as the carbon source, and the use of these carbon dots for the microscopic imaging of cancer cells. Importantly, cancer cells over-expressing the folate receptor upon their surface could be discriminated by their more intense fluorescence signals as compared to cells not expressing the receptor. More information can be found in the full paper by R. Jelinek et al. on page 614 in Issue 7, 2016 (DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500694).
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Cancer Imaging
Carbon fibers
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Carbon materials including carbon nanoparticles, such as nanographite, graphene and graphenic materials, and carbon nanotubes are known to be highly hydrophobic. Oxidation treatments are widely used as the best methods to improve their affinity in a liquid medium or a polymer matrix so that they can be dispersed, handled and processed. Here, we have applied eight different oxidation treatments in order to graft oxygen-containing functional groups at the surface of polyhedral graphitic particles synthesized by arc discharge from graphite, also called astralenes. The used functionalization approaches include both standard chemical attack by strong oxidants and radical functionalization of the sp2 network by direct C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond opening. Commonly efficient functionalization methods were unsuccessful to functionalize astralenes while radicals generated from arylhydrazine could lead to functionalization of the outer surface of astralenes. The occurrence of functionalization could be shown by TGA coupled with MS and XPS. The reported method represents the first example of functionalization of astralenes. The efficiency of the applied functionalization methods is discussed considering the chemical reactivity of different carbon nanomaterials including graphene and carbon nanotubes.
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Carbon fibers
Nanomaterials
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Surface Modification
Nitrilotriacetic acid
Effect modification
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