Study of field shifts of Ramsey resonances on ultracold atoms and ions
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Conceptual design studies indicate that the KrF lasers which would drive inertial confinement fusion reactors will obtain their energy from multi-megajoule electron beams with pulse durations of perhaps three to five tenths of a microsecond. This paper discusses the following related topics: (1) pulse forming lines, (2) pulse charged PFN's, (3) Marx PFN, (4) Marx peaking circuit, and (5) other approaches. (MOW)
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The kinetics of delayed fluorescence between 40 microseconds and 500 microseconds at room temperature, excited by nanosecond light pulses of a nitrogen laser was analysed in terms of exponential components due to the different ways of reduction of the oxidized reaction centre pigment of the second photochemical system of photosynthesis. The details of the laser phosphoroscope of 20 microseconds resolution time are given. The delayed fluorescence of intact samples has 30 microseconds and 150 microseconds components; treatment with DCMU causes quenching, the kinetics remains unchanged; hydroxylamine causes enhancement at lower concentrations and quenching at higher ones, the component of 150 microseconds disappears. These changes corrborate the heterogeneous center model of the microsecond delayed fluorescence.
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Polyacetylene
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Abstract Part I of this paper describes an on‐resonance, rotating‐frame relaxation method and proposes a procedure for the accurate evaluation of the contribution of chemical exchange to rotating‐frame spin‐lattice relaxation (T 1p ). Dynamic information, such as exchange lifetimes and chemical shift differences between exchange sites, can be extracted from the exchange contribution. The procedure extends the T 1p method to medium‐sized and large molecules. Part II presents a verification of the T 1p method and an analysis of experimental results. The accuracy of these dynamic parameters has been examined using simple, well‐characterized conformational exchange systems. The examination shows that T 1p is convenient for studying molecular dynamics on the microsecond time scale. The application of the method to peptides and to right‐ and left‐handed DNA oligomers gives unique dynamic information on the conformational exchange processes in these molecules.
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Proteins typically undergo dynamics on the microsecond to millisecond timescale, which is much faster than the time resolution of cryo-electron microscopy. Here, we propose a novel approach for microsecond time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy that involves melting a cryo specimen in situ with a laser beam. The sample remains liquid for the duration of the laser pulse, offering a tunable time window in which the dynamics of embedded particles can be induced in a liquid environment. After the laser pulse, the sample vitrifies, trapping particles in their transient configurations. As a proof of principle, we study the disassembly of particles after they incur structural damage.
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G-quadruplex equilibrium (type-1)-G-triplexes observed in the microsecond timescale in human telomeric DNA at pH 7.5, 0.15 M KCl. Other long-lived intermediates should not be ruled out. Similar behavior is observed in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl.
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Experimental results of a discharge employing Cu wire in microsecond and sub‐microsecond time scale are presented. The experimental data obtained included electrical measurements and optical observations from which information about the dynamics of the water tamper was extrapolated. Temperature was measured basing on the black body assumption. Explosion parameters obtained in microsecond and sub‐microsecond discharge are shown and some scaling laws are proposed.
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Calculations reported here show that small gas nuclei in a liquid acted on by microsecond ultrasonic pulses may grow into transient cavities that collapse violently. The maximum pressures and temperatures generated by such collapsing cavities are found in these calculations to be of the order of 1000 to 70 000 bars and 1000 ° to 20 000 °K.
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For the past two decades, protein folding experiments have been speeding up from the second or millisecond time scale to the microsecond time scale, and full-atom simulations have been extended from the nanosecond to the microsecond and even millisecond time scale. Where the two meet, it is now possible to compare results directly, allowing force fields to be validated and refined, and allowing experimental data to be interpreted in atomistic detail. In this perspective we compare recent experiments and simulations on the microsecond time scale, pointing out the progress that has been made in determining native structures from physics-based simulations, refining experiments and simulations to provide more quantitative underlying mechanisms, and tackling the problems of multiple reaction coordinates, downhill folding, and complex underlying structure of unfolded or misfolded states.
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