International Registry in Organ Donation and Transplantation 2010
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To establish scientific and rational legal system, especially the criminal law system, limiting the all benefits from the organ transplantation in the proper purpose, in response to the abuse of human organs and organ transplantation. This limitation requires legal procedures and does not objectively inhibit normal activities in the areas of organ transplantation. At present, many countries and regions in the world have systematic legislations of the organ transplantation and some countries have established laws of brain death and body donation to promote organ transplantation. It has very important significance to study these laws and legislations about organ transplantation for building of our own legislation system on organ transplants in China, especially the laws associated with brain death and body donation.
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One of the miracles of modern medicine for patients with end stage organ failure is organ transplantation. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) defines organ donation as giving an organ, tissue, cells, or part of an organ from a living or deceased person (i.e., the donor) to a living person in need (i.e., the recipient). In the last two decades, the number of organ transplants has gradually increased; however, the demand for organ transplantation exceeds the number of available donors. Organs from brain dead donors have been suggested as an alternative option for increasing donation rates when living donors are not available. This article explores the debate surrounding brain death organ donation in Muslim countries. Because organ transplantation is based on Ijtihad, Muslim jurists have no clear-cut text in the Holy Quran or Sunna to use as a foundation for judgment. This has made organ transplants an issue among Muslim scholars and researchers, splitting them into two opinion groups, with one side seeing organ transplantation as legal and the other believing it to be illegal. However, all individuals have the right to choose whether they want to help others by sacrificing parts of themselves and donating their organs. Autonomy, justice, and beneficence must be employed in organ transplantation decision-making.
Bioethics
Organ procurement
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Organ transplantation is now widely considered the preferred mode of organ replacement therapy for patients suffering from organ failure. The success rate of organ transplantation goes with organ shortages. This has led to thousands of patients dying on the organ waiting list. Some have argued that human-to-human organ donation is an ethical response to the problem of organ shortages but human-to-human organ donation has not done enough to close the gap between the demand and supply of human organs. Steps need to be taken to improve the organ donation pool. The paper suggests organ farming. Organ farming is the genetic cultivation of human organs for clinical transplantation. The moral implications of organ farming include the question of human dignity, organ farming as playing God, and the destruction of embryos. From the Utilitarian standpoint, if organ farming promises to be good for the greatest number of persons it should be permitted, while the unethical practice of organ farming is regulated by law.
Economic shortage
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Organ transplantation is the only treatment option for the management of organ failure, and its success directly depends upon the balance between the demand and supply of the organs. However, the demand for organs far outpaces its supply. At the same time, most of the developed countries follow an altruistic way, which is organ donation with a will and without any form of benefit for organ supply. Thus, it can be seen that legally all who are involved in organ transplantation get some form of benefits except organ donors. Donating a vital portion of the body by putting at lifelong risk, just for the sake of altruism, can neither justify ethically nor help to meet the increased demand for organs. Ultimately this gives rise to the incident of organ trafficking in order to meet the organ demand. This research is done to know the perception of the healthcare professionals of the tertiary-care center of eastern Nepal regarding organ trafficking.
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The purpose of this study was to examine nursing college students' knowledge of and attitudes toward brain death, organ donation and organ transplantation. The research design utilized in this study was a descriptive research design. The data were collected from September 7 to 14, 1998, by means of strutted questionnaire. To measure students' knowledge of brain death, organ donation and organ transplantation, Joo's(1995) instrument was used. The questionnaire was composed of 22 items. To measure students' attitudes toward organ donation and organ transplantation, s(1995) Instrument was used. The questionnaire was composed of 22 items. The data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient using the SAS program. The results were as follows : 1. Students' knowledge of brain death, organ donation and organ transplantation was 9-20. The mean score was 15.36, with 22, the highest possible score. There was statistically significant difference between students' knowledge and approval on the brain death recognition group(t=9.75, p=0.002). 2. Students' altitudes toward organ do nation and organ transplantation showed is mean score of 3.61 on a 5 attitudes points Liken scale. More than 80% of respondents agreed that organ transplantation can offer a high quality of life to the recipient and is an acceptable form of medical treatment. The health care costs associated with organ transplantation are worth itif another's life can be saved. Students felt it important to help others who are very ill. Also, by donating organs, students felt a part of their own body would continue to live by making it possible for someone else to live. Only 2.9% of students objected to organ donation for religious reasons. There was statistically significant difference among students' attitudes, experienced blood donor group(t=17.04, p=0.000), approval on the brain death recognition group (t=21.06, p=0.000), organ donation agreement group(t=46.13, p=0.000).
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The old Organ Transplantation Law was issued in 1997 and had never been revised for 12 years. Brain dead donors had to leave written consent to donate their own organs as well as their family consent. The organ donation from children under 15 years old was prohibited. The majority of the patients in need of organ transplantation died of organ shortages in Japan. Many patients especially children had to travel abroad to receive organs. The amendment bill for the Organ Transplantation Law was passed in the House of Councilors on July 13, 2009. The new Organ Transplantation Law permit organ donation from brain dead donors who had not refused to donate their organs, as long as there is family consent. Children under 15 years old can become donors. This article explains the old and the new Organ Transplantation Laws and the course of the amendment.
Economic shortage
Brain dead
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Despite the increasing numbers of patients in need of organ transplantation following the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as CRF, chronic liver disease, disparities between the supply and demand of transplantable organs are getting increasingly widened. After the "Organ transplatation act" is enacted in 2000, brain death organ is equitably allocated by KONOS and illegal organ bargains are nearly eradicated. But unfortunately, brain death organ donation is not sufficiently activated, because of immature organ donation culture, absence of notification of potential brain death and active organ procurement system, and inflexibe organ donation processes. Ministry of Health and Welfare had made the comprehensive activation plan to solve the organ shortage problems, to increase organ procurments and transplantations at Oct. 2005. The major measures are strengthening the PR and education about organ donation, introduction of notification of potential brain death, and establishment of active organ procurement system through organ procurement organizations, strengthening of national responsibility and support.
Organ procurement
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Christian ministry
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