SOIL TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A SOIL CROPPED TO RICE
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Soil temperature distribution and heat transfer affect crop development as well as water and solute transfers in the vadose zone. The objective of this study was to characterize seasonal soil temperature distribution throughout a rice-growing season in an eastern Arkansas soil typically cropped to rice. Soil temperature (T) measurements and climatic parameters were taken every 30 min throughout the season. T was measured in a layered calloway silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic, Aquic Fragiudalfs) at nine different depths from the soil surface to 1 m. Results indicated that average daily soil T varied throughout the season at all recording depths (e.g., from 14.2 °C to 29.3 °C at 0.14 m and from 13 °C to 24.9 °C at 1 m). Diurnal soil T amplitude was reduced, and T phase shift increased by an additional 3 h at 0.05 m and by 5 h at 0.14 m and 0.26 m (when compared with air temperatures) on field flooding and increased canopy cover. Heat transfer was modeled using the onedimensional Fourier equation, solved using the finite element method of the mathematical software MATLAB. Predicted T (Tp) were in close agreement with measured T (Tm) at all depths in the soil profile when two constant values of thermal diffusivity (α) were used for the soil profile: α = 4.58E-7 m2 s−1 in the Ap1 horizon and α = 4.86E-7 m2 s−1 in the rest of the soil profile. Differences between Tp and Tm were always lower than 1.04 °;C for all periods considered.Keywords:
Soil horizon
Silt
Soil thermal properties
Growing season
게르마늄 토양처리시 토성이 벼의 생육 및 게르마늄 흡수에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 토성별 벼의 간장,수장,수수 및 천립중은 토성에 따른 유의성이 없이 비슷하였다. 벼 부위 별 건물중량은 모든 토성에서 전반적으로 잎>줄기>뿌리 순으로 높았고, 벼 낟알 부위별 생산량은 현미${\geq}$ 백미${\gg}$ 쌀겨 순 이었다. 벼 부위별 게르마늄 함량은 미사질양토 처리구의 게르마늄 함량이 잎, 줄기 및 뿌리에서 각각 841, 137 및 2.3 mg $kg^{-1}$ 로 다른 처리구에 비해 유의성이 있게 높았다. 낟알 부위별 게르마늄 함량은 현미와 백미의 경우 미사질 양토 처리구의 게르마늄 함량이 각각 14.5 및 8.3 mg $kg^{-1}$ 로 다른 처리구에 비해 높았다. 벼 부위별 게르마늄 흡수량은 현미의 경우 전반적으로 미사질양토>사양토>식양토>양토 순으로 미사질양토 처리구가 $140{\mu}g\;pot^{-1}$ 로 가장 높았다. 미사질양토 처리구에서 벼 부위별 게르마늄 흡수율은 잎이 19.7%, 줄기가 2.3%, 뿌리가 0.03%, 쌀겨가 3.1% 및 현미가 0.44%(백미 0.25%)로서 총 게르마늄의 25.8%가 흡수되고 토양내에 74.2%의 게르마늄이 잔류하였다. 토성에 따른 쌀의 품질은 토성에 따라 별 차이 없었다. 이상의 결과를 미루어 볼 때 게르마늄 함유 쌀을 효과적으로 생산을 위해서는 시험에 사용된 토성 중 미사질양토가 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. The growth characteristics and the Germanium (Ge) uptake of rice plant (Hopyungbyeo) in soil with Ge were investigated under different soil textures to obtain the basic information for agricultural utilization of Ge. This study was carried out in the Wagner pot ($15,000^{-1}a$ ). Ge concentration in soils such as clay loam, silt loam, loam and sandy loam for rice plant cultivation was treated at $8mg\;kg^{-1}$ . The growth status of rice plant was almost similar in all soil texture, and rice yield was higher in the order of silt loam > clay loam > loam > sandy loam. In rice bran, the Ge uptakes in silt loam, clay loam, loam and sandy loam were 980, 868, 754 and $803{\mu}g\;pot^{-1}$ , respectively. The Ge uptakes of brown rice and polish rice were greater in the order of silt loam > sandy loam > clay loam > loam. In silt loam, the Ge uptake rates in leaf, stem, root, rice bran and brown rice were 19.7, 2.3, 0.03, 3.1 and 0.44%, respectively. Therefore, under the given experimental condition the optimum soil texture for production of functional rice with Ge is a silt loam.
Soil texture
Silt
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Soil texture is an important soil physical property influencing nutrient absorption and distribution,and thus maize growth.A pool-culture experiment with four soil textures(sandy loam,loam,loamy clay and clay loam) and two levels of fertilizations(with and without fertilizer) were conducted for two years to study the characteristics of nutrient absorption and distribution in maize plant.The area of each pool was one square meter with six plants inside.Corn(Yedan22) was planted on June 7 and harvested on September 17 in both years.N was applied at 75kg/ha and 150 kg/ha at jointing stage and male tetrad stage,respectively.At the beginning of maize growth,P was applied at 50kg/ha.The results showed the order of nutrient accumulation was NKP.The absorption and distribution of N,P and K differed with soil textures,and the order of total absorption of N,P and K per corn was loamy clay loam clay loam sandy loam.Statistical analysis indicated that there was significant difference among these soil textures.The order of N,P and K consumption in leaves and culm-sheath agreed with that in plant,and the proportion of distribution in leaves was a little higher than that in the culm-sheath.In the late growing stage,the transferring rate of N,P and K followed the order of sandy loamloam loamy clay clay loam.Yield and nutrient accumulation in grain were highest in loamy clay and lowest in sandy loam.Yield and accumulation of N,P and K were increased the most by fertilization in sandy loam,followed by loam,loamy clay and clay loam.
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A wide diversity of liquid fertilizers and composts produced from the livestock manure in Korea is commonly applied to agricultural lands as an alternative of chemical fertilizers. However, their effects on the crop production and environmental impacts are still vague. The current study was investigated the property changes of paddy soils in sandy loam and silty loam treated with 1) control (no treatment), 2) chemicals, 3) storage liquid fertilizer and 4) SCB liquid fertilizer located in Gyeong-gi province, Korea. The chemical properties of soils in sandy loam and silty loam before the treatment were similar with the ones in the average paddy fields in Korea. Contrary to this, the amount of available phosphorus in sandy loam was higher than the one in the average paddy fields. The number of living organisms in sandy loam and silty loam treated with storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer were higher than the ones in sandy loam and silty loam with no-treatment and chemicals. Significant difference (P＜0.05) among the treatments and no-treatment was observed in sandy loam rather than in silty loam. The amounts of heavy metals were the highest in both sandy loam and silty loam treated with storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer. The comparison of heavy metals showed that the ones in silty loam were little bit higher than sandy loam. The leaf lengths and dry weights of rices were increased over time, however, no significant difference was observed among each treament. In addition, the rice yield in sandy loam treated with SCB liquid fertilizer was higher than the ones in sandy loam. The highest rice yield was obtained from sandy loam treated with chemicals, but there was no significant difference between storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer. While the rate of nutrient absorption by rices was the highest in sandy loam and silty loam treated with chemicals, there was no significant difference in sandy loam and silty loam treated with livestock liquid manure.
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The study on maize leaf senescence during later growth stage at different textural soils(sandy loam,light sandy,loam,clay) was conducted using pot cultivation in a field experiment.The main results are as follows:the maize leaves senescence increased in later growth stage,the activities of SOD and the leaf area decreased in different textural soils,while the content of MDA increased.Among the four textural soils,the leaf area and the activities of SOD in loam were the highest,the lowest in sandy loam.By contrast,the content of MDA in sandy loam was the highest,the lowest in loam.The different maize yield in the four textural soils reached significant level operated the same each other in field experiment.
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This study was conducted to examine the effects of soil texture and planting depth on shoot and bulb growth in Tulipa gesneriana ‘Ile de France’, ‘Kees Nelis’, and ‘Rundy’. In physical properties of clay loam and sandy loam, Solid, liquid, and gaseous phase of sandy loam were 54.7%, 13.3%, and 32.0%, respectively. Especially, gaseous phase of sandy loam was higher by 10.6% than that of clay loam. The porosity of sandy loam was 45.3%, and it was higher by 3% than that of clay loam. The pH of sandy loam and clay loam was 6.1 and 5.8, and EC of sandy loam was lower by 0.45 level than that of clay loam in chemical properties. The cation exchange capacity of clay loam was 4.68 me/100g, and it was higher in clay loam than in sandy loam. In ‘Ile de France’ and ‘Rundy’, shoot and flowering was better in sandy loam. But, shoot growth of ‘Kees Nelis’ was good in clay loam. In clay loam, shoot growth by planting depth was not different significantly. When bulbs were planted by 4~8 cm deep in sandy loam, shoot growth was better than the others. Bulb growth was more effective in sandy loam than in caly loam. The bulb planted by 4 cm deep in clay loam and 8 cm deep in sandy loam showed the good bulb growth in circumference and diameter, and weight of main bulb. Therefore, it was desirable that bulb of tulip was planted by 8 cm deep in sandy loam for shoot and bulb growth.
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Synopsis Cotton was not adversely affected when grown 5 years without added S on a Leadvale silt loam containing, in the upper 12 inches, 128 ppm of S extractable in Morgan's solution. However, when similarly grown on a Norfolk loamy sand containing one ppm extractable S, deficiency symptoms appeared on the plants by the fourth year, and yields were significantly reduced by the fifth year.
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경남지역 논 토양의 미사질양토 11개소, 사양토 4개소, 양토 5개소를 선정하여 FAME 분석기법을 적용하여 미생물군집을 분석하였다. 곰팡이 지방산 함량은 양토가 $76nmol\;g^{-1}$ 로서 사양토 $45nmol\;g^{-1}$ 에 비해 유의적으로 많았다 (p<0.05). 토양 양이온 치환용량은 미사질양토가 $14.7cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 으로 사양토 $11.8cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). cy19:0과 18:$1{\omega}7c$ 비율은 미사질양토가 0.77로 사양토 0.47 보다 유의적으로 높았다 (p<0.05). 방선균 군집은 양토가 1.34%로 사양토의 0.92%에 비해 유의적으로 많았다 (p<0.05). The present study evaluated the soil microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method in paddy soils at 11 sites for silt loam, 4 sites for sandy loam, and 5 sites for loam in Gyeongnam Province. The FAME content of fungi in loam ($76nmol\;g^{-1}$ ) was higher than that of in sandy loam ($45nmol\;g^{-1}$ ). Sandy loam had significantly lower ratio of cy19:0 to 18:$1{\omega}7c$ compared with that of silt loam (p<0.05), indicating that microbial stress decreased. In addition, actinomycetes community of loam was higher than that of sandy loam.
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Pedotransfer function
Soil horizon
Soil thermal properties
Soil carbon
Soil morphology
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Studies on productivity of Phoolbogh clay loam, Beni silty clay loam, Haldi loam, Patherchatta sandy loam and Paderi silt loam soils of Pantnagar farm revealed that for wheat, Haldi loam soil was the most suitable, whereas Phoolbagh clay loam ranked lowest in the series. For maize Haldi loam was found to be the most suitable, whereas Paderi silt loam was the least suitable of all the soils studied. The productivity rating indices (PRI) of these soils for wheat and maize respectively were calculated to be as follows: Phoolbagh clay loam—49.4 and 46.5, Beni silty clay loam—54.1 and 45.5, Haldi loam—57.8 and 54.9, Patherchatta sandy loam—55.7 and 49.1, and Paderi silt loam—53.7 and 22.7. These PRI data indicate that there is considerable scope for bringing these soils to near their 100% of the maximum production potential.
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