Core muscle activity during suspension exercises
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Keywords:
Core stability
Plank
Abdominal muscles
Hamstring muscles
Abstract Background The hamstring is a very important part of flexibility in the human body. The tightness in the muscle is due to the decrease in the ability of the muscle to deform. It is the inability to achieve more than 160º of knee extension when the hip is flexed to 90º due to tightness. The study was carried out to find the prevalence of hamstring tightness in physically active & inactive college-going students. Method In this non-experimental cross-sectional study 100 participants were included. The study was performed on normal healthy individuals. The study excluded persons with low back pain and recent hamstring injury within less than 2 months. The tightness was measured by using the AKE test. Three measurements were taken and an average of their reading was noted. Result This study concludes that there is an equal prevalence of developing hamstring tightness in both young male & female participants. Hence increased physical activity is advised to prevent musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion The prevalence of hamstring tightness is very high among college-going students in the age group between 18–25 years between the angle 45º-60º.
Hamstring muscles
Straight leg raise
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Objective Numerous abdominal exercises with Swiss ball are used to improve core stability with strengthening and rehabilitation goals. It is claimed that the stability exercises have a greater impact on core muscle activation, but the validity of this claim is still in doubt. Moreover, there is no comprehensive study on the comparison of the core muscles activity in different core stability exercises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the Electromyography (EMG) activity of core muscles while performing side plank on stable and unstable (Swiss ball) surfaces. Methods Fifteen male students of Allameh Tabataba’i University were selected for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The EMG activity of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles in subjects was recorded while performing side plank exercise on a fixed surface and a Swiss ball (2 sets of 5 seconds with a 30-second rest interval). Results There was a significant difference in the EMG activity of gluteus medius, external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles between two conditions of with and without Swiss ball (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the EMG activity of internal oblique muscle (P>0.05). Conclusion Side plank exercise on the unstable surfaces (Swiss balls) can cause changes in the EMG activity of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles compared to when the exercise is performed on stable surfaces, and highly involved the pelvic lumbar muscles effective in maintaining core stability. Therefore, the use of side plank exercise on unstable conditions in a progressive program with gradually increased intensity is recommended which can be effective in strengthening and applying effective muscle contractions useful for core stability.
Core stability
Plank
Medius
Abdominal muscles
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The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two types of treatment of hamstring muscle strains. Twenty patients with hamstring muscle strains were assigned randomly to an Experimental Group (n = 10) or a Control Group (n = 10). Peak torque production of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles and hamstring muscle length were measured before and after treatment. The hamstring muscles of the Experimental and Control groups were treated with moist heat followed by passive stretching. The Experimental Group also received manipulation of the sacroiliac joint. The change in hamstring muscle peak torque was significantly greater for the Experimental Group than for the Control Group (p less than .005). No significant differences existed between the two groups in either quadriceps femoris muscle peak torque or hamstring muscle length. The results of this study suggest a relationship between sacroiliac joint dysfunction and hamstring muscle strain.
Hamstring muscles
Strain (injury)
Sacroiliac joint
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Hamstring is a muscle group that often has a reduced flexibility compared to other muscle groups. This hamstring flexibility reduction can lead as a low back pain risk factor. Nowadays, the combination effect of core stability and contract relax exercise on hamstring flexibility is still unclear. The aim of this research was to know about this exercise on hamstring flexibility. This research is experimental with 24 subjects of healthy female students who participated in the exercise program for 4 weeks consisting of 3 times per week. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) core stability-CS (n = 8) (2) core relax-CR(n = 8), (3) core stability combined contract relax-CS + CR(n = 8). The hamstring flexibility was assessed with sit and reach test using the sit and reaches box. The examinations were conducted by observers twice, prior the training program and 2 days after the last session of exercise. 22 subjects were analyzed (CS,n = 7;CR,n = 8;CS + CR,n = 7). The paired t test analysis of each group showed significant CS (p = 0.03), CR (p = 0.00), CS + CR (p = 0.01) in increasing of result sit and reach test was observed. There was a difference between the three groups by the ANOVA test (p = 0.00). This study shows that combination of core stability and contract relax exercises can increase hamstring flexibility.
Core stability
Static stretching
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The aim of this study was to compare the distribution of activation among the three heads of the hamstring between a knee flexion-oriented exercise (Nordic hamstring) and a hip extension-oriented exercise (stiff-leg Deadlift) at the group and individual level. Data were collected for 20 participants. Muscle activation of the semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF) was estimated using surface electromyography (EMG) during Nordic hamstring and stiff-leg Deadlift exercises. Although Nordic hamstring exercise induced a higher normalized RMS EMG value for BF (64.5 ± 17.4%) compared to SM (48.6 ± 14.6%; P<0.001) and ST (55.9 ± 17.4%; P < 0.001), the greatest active muscle varied between individuals. Similar interindividual differences in the greatest active muscle were found for the stiff-leg Deadlift exercise. Regarding the distribution of activation, the stiff-leg Deadlift favoured the contribution of the SM compared to ST (P < 0.001, 18/20 participants) whereas the Nordic hamstring exercise favoured the contribution of the ST compared to SM (P < 0.001, 19/20 participants). Importantly, these tasks affected the contribution of the activation of BF in different ways between individuals. The distribution of activation across the three muscles was well correlated between the two exercises (r values ≥ 0.42).
Hamstring muscles
Straight leg raise
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The purpose of this study was the effect of icing on the muscle activity of Hamstring muscles during Nordic Hamstring Exercise after applying the icing. Twenty-eight healthy men participated in this study. Subjects were assigned to experiment and control groups. Nordic Hamstring Exercise was practiced to the experiment and the control groups without applying the icing. The control group rested for 20 minutes with no intervention, while the experiment group was applied 20 minutes of icing. Then Nordic Hamstring Exercise was performed again to compare the differences in muscle activity between the two groups. No significant differences in muscle activity were observed in the control group. However, In the experimental group, significant differences in muscle activity were found pre and post icing. There were also significant differences between the two groups. In conclusion, icing is considered to have a positive effect on promoting hamstring muscle activity.
Hamstring muscles
Hamstring injury
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The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of surgery and immobilization on the isometric strength of the hamstrings. Fifteen male volunteers were measured for isometric hamstring torque prior to surgery for correction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency. After surgery the subjects were casted for 6 weeks and did not perform exercises specific to the hamstrings. Subjects were retested immediately after cast removal and the hamstring output was compared to the preoperative hamstring output. A 43% decrease in hamstring torque was noted which is statistically significant (p < 0.001). It is suggested that exercise of the hamstring, a muscle group of great importance to the ACL-injured knee, during immobilization may be helpful in limiting hamstring strength loss during the immobilization period. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1986;7(6):310-313.
Hamstring muscles
Limiting
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If a patient's hamstring muscles are of inadequate length, his ability to perform or the manner in which he performs various functional maneuvers may be altered. A number of methods for stretching the hamstring muscles have, therefore, been described or recommended.1–4 Of the muscle stretching techniques practiced by clinicians, the most effective are probably those that incorporate the application of prolonged lengthening loads.5,6 Although such loads may use methods previously described, we needed a more versatile and portable device to apply such loads in our clinic. After considering several alternatives, we concluded that the method described by Gajdosik and Lusin for measuring hamstring muscle length could, if the appropriate equipment was available, be adapted for use in stretching the hamstring muscles.7 The purpose of this suggestion from the field is to describe the portable apparatus we designed for stretching the hamstring muscles.
Hamstring muscles
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Hamstring muscles
Leg muscle
Hamstring injury
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Introduction: The core muscle plays a major role in providing stability. Several studies have been conducted to identify the activation of core muscle in variety of planking methods but the effects of modified planking in core strengthening program is vaguely studied. Aim: This study aimed to compare the modified plank with conventional plank and to identify which mode of planking was more superior in training for endurance and dynamic stability of core muscle. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test study design was conducted for a total duration of 6 weeks and 32 subjects were assigned into two groups: Experimental group (Body Saw Plank) and Control group (conventional plank). A pre-test and post-test of core endurance and dynamic stability were measured by using McGill Torso Muscular Endurance Test and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). A paired sample t-test was used to identify a significant difference between pre-test result and post-test result within the same group. Furthermore, an independent t-test was used to determine the significant difference between the post-test on the subject’s core endurance and dynamic stability between the control group and experimental group. Results: A total of 32 subjects were selected, with a mean age of 20.63±1.6, of which 14 were males and 18 were females, with mean height, mean weight and mean BMI were 164.70±7.74, 57.26±8.57 and 21.02±2.36 respectively. After 6 weeks of intervention, there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of McGill Torso Muscular Endurance Test. However, comparison of post-test between groups of the McGill Torso Muscular Endurance Test shows no significant difference. On the other hand, both groups also show significant differences between the pre-test and post-test on SEBT. However, comparison between the post-test of the control group and experimental group has no significant differences in normalised reach distance and composite score. Conclusion: The findings proved that both body saw plank and conventional plank effectively enhances core muscle endurance and also dynamic stability equally.
Core stability
Plank
Balance Test
Excursion
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