398: Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with enhanced amniotic fluid and placental cytokine levels in an animal model
Amanda RomanNeeraj DesaiBurton RochelsonMadhu GuptaXiangying XueProdyot K. ChatterjeeChristine N. Metz
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Intrauterine growth restriction
Animal model
The advance on chemical compositions,pharmacological effect and clinic application of placenta and its extraction from huˉman and animals was summarized.At present,placenta hominis have been widely used in clinical practice,they were mainly applied in medical treatment.The placenta processing is now very primitive and its applied fields also need to be widen.The placenta prodˉucts from sheep are mainly applied in health care and cosmetics profession.The placenta products from deer are just in the beginning and there is a great developing potential in the future.Studies on placenta of other animals such as cattle,pig and so on are very little.It is suggested that the peptides produced from placenta and the mechanism should be more studied.There will be a great exˉploitative value and vast prospect for placenta products from deer placenta and domestic animal placenta.
Retained placenta
Human placenta
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Objective To compare of the lamb placenta extracts(LPE) prepared by using Hu sheep plecenta and the traditional raw material(Tibet plecenta),So as to provide scientific evidence for using Hu sheep placenta instead of Tibet sheep placenta as the raw material preparing LPE.Methods With the Hu sheep placenta produced in the areas of Hangzhou,Jiaxing and Huzhou as raw material,and the Tibet sheep placenta,the traditional raw material as control,the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis experiments of preparing LPE were conducted.Results The optimal enzymatic parameters were as follows:enzymatic hydrolysis of placenta with 40 U/g tripsin at pH 8.0 and 45 ℃ for 4 h under the designed mixture of one material and ten liquid.Under the optimal condition,the degree of hydrolysis of Hu placenta and Tibet placenta were 17.56% and 19.44%,respectively,the both frozen LPE powder outputs were 35.36% and 40.47%,respectively,and the large molecular proteins of both placentas were degraded into LEP without significant difference in composition of amino acids.Conclusion Hu placenta is one raw material to replace Tibet placenta for preparing LPE.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Retained placenta
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Objective:To study the difference of cytokine-associated genes expression in placenta from normal parturients and patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH).Methods:The mRNA content of cytokine-associated genes in placenta was assayed by a complementary DNA segment representing over 220 cytokine-associated genes.Results:Over twice difference of the expression of 39 cytokines and 15 cytokine receptor genes, with interleukin and tumor necrosis factor (receptor) gene super family not included, was found between placental tissues from normal parturients and those from patients with PIHS. And most of these genes were up-regulated in placenta with PIHS.Conclusion:The up-regulation of cytokine-associated genes expression in placenta might be closely related to the pathogenesis of PIHS.
Pathogenesis
Cytokine receptor
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Amniotic sac
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Early neonatal sepsis is often due to intra-amniotic infection. The stomach of the neonate contains fluid swallowed before and during delivery. The presence of bacteria as well as neutrophils detected by culture or Gram stain of the gastric fluid during the first day of life is suggestive of exposure to bacteria or inflammation. We undertook this study to determine the relationship between gastric fluid analysis and amniotic fluid obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis in the detection of Ureaplasma species, the most frequent microorganisms responsible for intra-amniotic infection.
Ureaplasma
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Identification
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Orosomucoid
Clearance
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Abstract There have been no previous reports of human placentas mimicking the cotyledonary placenta of ruminants. We report a case of cotyledonary‐like placenta associated with severe intrauterine growth restriction. A woman pregnant for the first time was referred to our hospital at 27 weeks’ gestation because of severe intrauterine growth restriction. Characteristics of the placenta in the patient were examined by ultrasonographical and histopathological techniques. Ultrasonography revealed that a hypo‐echoic area intermingled with small segmented tissues in the placenta. The hypo‐echoic area changed in size and shape according to uterine contractions. At 31 weeks’ gestation, a caesarean section was performed because of non‐reassuring fetal status. A female baby weighing 814 g was delivered. The placenta, which weighed 260 g, contained several long stem villi running over a distance of 6 to 7 cm without branching into intermediate or terminal villi. Small villous tissues had developed only at the tips of these stem villi. The present case shows an extraordinarily abnormal development of the villous trees in the placenta, which may have caused fetal IUGR and non‐reassuring fetal status.
Intrauterine growth restriction
Fetal growth
Placentation
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The article surveys the literature concerning comparative morphology of allantoic placenta and presents some evolutionary-morphological conclusions. The initial form of allantoic placenta is non-deciduate that occurs in 7 orders of placental mammals. The non-deciduate placenta is especially characteristic for lower primates and Cetacea. The non-deciduate placenta in lower primates and the fact that in some modern species of insectivores the non-deciduate placenta is also preserved speaks in favour of the opinion that insectivores of the Cretaceous period had non-deciduate placenta. The non-deciduate placenta in Cetacea that take their origin from ancient carnivores (from procreodonts) demonstrates, in its turn, that the non-deciduate placenta was the initial form. The deciduate placenta was the means for changing many of vital activities of the organism--it is connected with shortening or lengthening of individual life duration and duration of pregnancy. In the course of evolution the allantoic placenta improved towards intensified metabolism between the embryo (fetus) and the maternal organism. Relations between the evolution of mature specimens and evolutional changes in placenta are at their initial stage of investigation.
Insectivore
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OBJECTIVE: The authors’ goal was to determine the concentration of antidepressants in amniotic fluid during maternal treatment of depression. METHOD: Women treated with antidepressants undergoing amniocentesis for obstetrical reasons were enrolled. Antidepressant concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal serum were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Amniotic fluid was obtained from 27 women, and the amniotic fluid’s antidepressant concentrations were highly variable. For the parent compounds, the amniotic fluid concentrations of selective serotonin uptake inhibitors averaged 11.6% (SD=9.9%) of maternal serum concentrations (N=22). Amniotic fluid to maternal serum ratios were higher for venlafaxine: 172% (SD=91%) (N=3). Of interest, the amniotic fluid to maternal serum ratios for the metabolites (N=19) did not demonstrate a consistent pattern compared to the parent compound ratios. In 10 subjects, the amniotic fluid to maternal serum ratio for the metabolites was higher than the parent compound and lower in the remaining nine subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of antidepressant concentrations in amniotic fluid is similar to recent data for placental passage. Although the significance of amniotic fluid exposure remains to be determined, these results demonstrate that maternally administered antidepressants are accessible to the fetus in a manner not previously appreciated.
Amniocentesis
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To determine the eventual influence of the vernix caseosa on the actual pH-value of the amniotic fluid we compared the pH-value of 50 samples of non-filtered amniotic fluid and the pH-values of filtered portions of the same samples. The samples were taken after delivery of the fetus. We found a distinct shift of the pH-values of the filtered portions to alkaline values. It is recommended that these results should be taken into consideration in laboratory analysis of amniotic fluid.
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