A simple controlled method for the clinical evaluation of antidiarrheal drugs
William St. John LaCorteJ J McMurtreyJ. ChapmanS. Karl GotzkowskyS Chang-ChienJ. R. RyanF. Gilbert McMahon
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A castor oil model of induced diarrhea was used to evaluate dose regimens of the standard antidiarrheal polycarbophil. The study population consisted of 100 healthy volunteers, divided into five groups of 20 each, in whom diarrhea was induced by 120 ml flavored 36.4% castor oil. The polycarbophil dose regimens evaluated were 1, 1.5, 2, or 3 gm at 30-min intervals after castor oil to total the usual prescribed dose of 6 gm/day. One gram taken every 30 min for six doses lowered the number of bowel movements and also induced the least number of cramps and lowest cramp severity rating (reported by subjects). The same total dose over a different dosing interval was no more effective than placebo. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 766–769; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.108This review summarized the methods of castor oil modification, focusing on succinic acid sulfonated,dehydration, esterification, hydrogenation, epoxidation, oxidation and so an. The application of castor oil and its derivatives was also introduced. The future trends of castor oil and its derivatives were envisioned.
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Castor oil has gained momentous attention as a valuable bio-based monomer and a potential alternative to the current petrobased polyol for synthesizing polyurethane due to the presence of inherent hydroxyl group. In spite of its huge potentiality very little has been reviewed regarding the development of polyurethane from castor oil. This review thus highlights the recent trends and development in the field of polyurethane and its nanocomposite based on castor oil including its biodegradability and weatherability studies. Further, this review also provides an insight regarding the utilization of castor oil based polyurethane and its nanocomposite for coating application.
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Stable waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was synthesized from toluene diisocyanate (TDI),a polyether polyol and dihydroxymethylpropionic acid (DMPA) using castor oil as the crosslinking agent. Effects of NCO/OH,DMPA and castor oil on the water-resistance,stability and mechanical properties were investigated. Results showed that the castor oil modified WPU has better stability,and suitable amount of castor oil can improve the tensile strength and water-resistant properties of the film from WPU. The obtained WPU has excellent balanced properties when prepared with 7:3 mass ratio of polyether to castor oil,5% mass percent of DMPA,and 1.3 molar ratio of NCO to OH.
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ABSTRACT Utilization of castor oil and its derivatives as a raw material for polyurethane synthesis is gaining more attention now a days. Castor oil has the unique structural property in terms of inherent presence of hydroxyl groups in its structure, which impart the natural functionality in the castor oil. Castor oil can be utilized for manufacturing polyurethane due to its inherent structural beauty in terms of presence of OH groups in its structure along with the functionality of 2.7. Hence an attempt has been made by various researchers to utilize castor oil as a renewable source of polyol for synthesizing PU foam. Castor oil is natural, renewable and sustainable, biodegradable and low price as compare to petroleum polyol. Keywords: Castor oil, hydroxyl groups, polyurethane, polymerization, renewable
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This study was designed to explor the effect of castor oil-diet, on the intiation of labor of preganant rat and determine what the active component of castor oil-diet was.The time of the intiation of labor and course of delivery were observed by gavaged rats castor oil-diet at 18, 19 and 20 days of gestation. The compositions of fat acid of castor oil-diet and castor oil were analyzed by HPLC.The castor oil-diet could induce the initiation of labor and shorte the course of the delivery in pregnant rats. Ricinoleic acid was the active component of castor oil-diet in this study.Pregnant rats by gavaged castor oil-diet could serve as the animal model for induction of labor. Ricinoleic acid is likely the chief component to the induction of labor.
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Studies have reported high prevalence of inappropriate dosing in patients with renal impairment, which was significantly reduced with pharmacists' interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the proportions of renal drug dosing errors following the implementation of pharmacists-led renal drug dosing adjustment program. This was a quasi-experimental study conducted at the King Abdul Aziz Medical City, a tertiary teaching hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study comprised of 3 phases. The pre-phase and post-phase evaluated drug orders for dosing appropriateness. During the intervention phase, a renal drug dosing adjustment program was implemented, which included educational sessions on dosing in renal insufficiency and a renal drug dosing guidance. The primary outcome was to assess the change in the proportions of dosing errors following the intervention. In the pre-phase, inappropriate dosing was noted in 20.1% (70/348) of orders that required dosing adjustment. Among the total dosing errors, 44.2% (31/70) were further corrected, and pharmacists have documented intervention in 48.3% (15/31) of the corrected orders. In the post-phase, inappropriate dosing was noted in 21.9% (76/346) of orders that required dosing adjustment. Among the total dosing errors, 39.4% (30/76) were further corrected, and pharmacists have documented intervention in 66.6% (20/30) of the corrected orders. There was no statistically significant difference in inappropriate drug dosing between pre-phase and post-phase with a P = 0.56. The intervention was not associated with significant reduction in renal dosing errors, although pharmacist involvement in the corrected orders orders increased after the implementation of the intervention. This may indicate the need to integrate renal dosing guidance into the hospital prescribing system to optimize drug dosing in renal patients.
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Phosphate binders (PBs) account for a large proportion of the daily pill burden in hemodialysis patients. However, patients do not take them all at once but at several dosing timings.We analyzed the dosing timings of all 322 types of oral drugs prescribed to 533 hemodialysis patients.The median daily dosing frequency for all drugs was 6 (4-7) times/day/patient. Patients prescribed PBs had a markedly higher daily dosing frequency than those not taking PBs (7 [5-8] times/day/patient vs. 4 [3-5] times/day/patient, respectively [p < 0.001]). In addition, the ratio of the number of PB pills to other drugs varied greatly at each dosing timing. Furthermore, it was simulated that the daily dosing frequency could be reduced by approximately two times/day/patient by combining the dosing timings of PBs.Changing PB dosing timings can reduce the daily dosing frequency, which may lead to improved medication adherence.
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Heptaldehyde and Undecylenic acid are two important by products of castor oil and their use in the industry is immense. They are derived from Castor oil. The present study compares the yields of these two compounds from castor oil and the methyl ester of castor oil. Different parameters like temperature, acid treatment, alkali treatment, temperature and presence of excess reactants were studied. Methyl Ester of castor oil produced better yields of both these compounds as compared to castor oil. The percent increase in yields of Heptlaldehyde and Undecylenic acid were 17.0371 and 13.494 at 1hour and 8.08 and 10.204 for 2 hours of incubation for castor oil and methylated ester of castor oil, respectively.
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Nivolumab has received regulatory approval to be given by weight-based or flat dosing every two weeks or by flat dosing every four weeks. However, flat dosing would lead to unnecessarily high doses for patients with lower body weight, increasing the drug usage and probability of toxicity. We review the rationale of using a four-weekly hybrid dosing strategy using weight-based and flat-dosing regimens adopted by some jurisdictions.
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