Effect of Water Stress on Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Transpiration of Four Abies Species
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The relationship between water stress and rates of net photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration was determined for four Abies species native to Canada. Net photosynthesis, after an initial optimum rate, declined in three phases as water stress increased, viz. a rapid linear rate of decline, a second more gradual reduction and, finally, a steady rate of zero net photosynthesis. Of the four species, photosynthesis of A. grandis was affected the least by water stress, whereas that of A. balsamea was affected the most. Respiration declined at about the same water stress as photosynthesis, but was only reduced to between 40–75% of the maximum rate, depending on the species. Transpiration declined at similar water stresses to those of photosynthesis and after an initial decline, continued at between 10–30% of the maximum rate at water stresses up to 35 bars.Keywords:
Respiration rate
Water Stress
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Respiration rate
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The effects of CO_(2) enrichment and fruit application of NAA, GA_(3) and CPPU on photosynthesis were investigated in strawberry. Raising CO_(2) concentration from 380 muL/L to 760 muL/L increased net photosynthetic rate by 78.8%, transpiration rate by 81.7%, and stomata conductance by 62.0%, respectively. NAA, GA_(3) and CPPU were significantly effective in increasing net photosynthetic rate, with close correlations between net photosynthetic rate and intracellular CO_(2), stomata conductance and transpiration rate respectively.
Stomatal Conductance
Water Use Efficiency
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Many investigations have been made on transpiration and photosynthesis of plants. However, the relationship between transpiration and photosynthesis has not been completely estabilished. The study reported here was planned to elucidate the effect of transpiration on the apparent photosynthesis and the relation of temperature and photosynthesis in several crops:sweet potato, rice, soybean and peanut. 1) Experiments were conducted outdoors under full sunlight using an apparatus which has a humidity-controlling system (Fig.1). In early growth stage, photosynthesis was not affected by restraint of the trans-piration caused by increasing humidity in the chamber, but in late growth stage a marked increase of photosynthetic rates occurred by restraining the transpiration (Figs.2-5). These results suggest that water supply from root to the photosynthetic organ turns insufficient in the late growth stage. 2) Fig.6 and Fig.7 indicate the relation of leaf temperature and photosynthesis in sweet potato and soybean plant at various growth stages. In early growth stage, apparent photosynthesis was insensible of high temperature from 30 to 40°C. In late growth stage, however, apparent photosynthetic rates showed a rapid decrease at high-temperature range. These phenomena were also recognized in other crops, e.g., rice and peanut. From results of the investigation for the stomatal opening and fluctuation of water level in sweet potato leaves under various temperature condition, it may be concluded that depression of photo-synthetic rate at high-temperature range was due to a deficit of water content and high stomatal resistance in leaf. 3) In the series of experiments as shown in Figs.2-5, water vapour transfer coefficient (D) was calculated for several crops from the equation presented in the note of Fig.9. There was a close relationship between the transpiration and the ‘D' value. The‘D' values, selected under approximately constant conditions with leaf temperature of 35°C and air volume passing through a chamber of 8-11 m3/hr, showed high correlations to photosynthetic rates in three crops except soybean plant (Fig.1O). The‘D' value is a reciprocal of diffusion resistance(r) which can be divided into two components: (i) resistance in external air during diffusion away from leaf(ra), and (ii) resistance through the stomata(rs). It is considered that the ‘D' mainly depends on 1/rs in the case of Fig.10. Accordingly, when photosynthetic rate is high at high leaf temperature, stomata are widely open. 4) Two factors, total sugar content in root and the ratio of root dry weight (R) to leaf area (F), must be concerned with the water supply from root to photosynthetic organ. Therefore, both factors, whose changes with time are shown in Fig.14, would be correlated to the‘D' values of each growth stage
Air humidity
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Taking Six soybean varieties as experimental material,the photosynthetic rate,stomatal canductance and transpiration rate of different leaf in different growth period were studied.The results showed that:The different varieties of soybean have different dynamic change of the photosynthetic rate in the whole growth period.OhioFG1 have high photosynthetic rate early days and later aging fate;HS93-4118 not high early days but have high photosynthetic rate later period;Tiefeng No.29 have high photosynthetic rate in the whole growth period.Therefore,when breeding varieties,we should not only according to instantaneous photosynthetic rate,but according to dynamic changes of photosynthetic rate in the whole growth period.After studying the photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of different periods and sections in soybean,the results showed that the change of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed the same trend of photosynthetic rate.
Stomatal Conductance
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The photosynthetic parameters of photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of last three leaves(first Leaf,L2 and L3) on the main stem of Luohan 7(a wheat variety) were determined by Lcpro+photosyntometer under 1505μmol/(m2·s) and 20℃ to study photosynthetic physiological characteristics of wheat leaves with different leaf position.The results showed that there was significant difference in these photosynthetic parameters between different leaves,the leaf photosynthetic rate was first Leafthird Leafsecond Leaf intercellular CO2 concentration was second Leafthird Leaffirst Leaf transpiration rate was first Leafthird Leafsecond Leaf,and stomatal conductance was first Leafthird Leafsecond Leaf.There were positive correlations between photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,stomatal conductance while there was a negative correlation between photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration
Stomatal Conductance
Water Use Efficiency
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A study was conducted to determine the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of 1-year-old seedlings of 13 different poplar strains in the nursery of Tonghua City,Jilin,China.Results show that there are significant differences in net photosynthetic rate between different poplar stains.The net photosynthetic rates of Hybrid 1,Hybrid 2,A5-13,and A5-17 are 15.07%,17.15%,5.25%,and 11.52% higher than that of Populus ussuriensis,respectively.The six well growing stains,Hybrid 1,Hybrid 2,A5-17,Optional(self-selection) 1,A5-13,and Huinan 5 have obvious diurnalvariation in photosynthetic rate.Hybrid 1,Hybrid 2,A5-17,and Optional 1 had two peak values of photosynthetic rate,separately at 10:00 a.m.and 14:00 p.m,while A5-13 and Huinan 5 presented a single peak value of photosynthetic rate,appeared at 14:00p.m.Moreover,the diurnalvariation in transpiration rate of the six poplar strains is basically same,rising from morning to noon,reaching the maximum value at 11:00 a.m.to 13:00 p.m.,and then decreasing rapidly.Compared to the control,A5-13,A5-17,Hybrid 1 and Hybrid 2 have a higher photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,Huinan 5 has a higher photosynthetic rate and lower transpiration,and Optional 1 has the uniform transpiration rate and lower photosynthetic rate.The net photosynthetic rates of the six strains increased along with the luminous intensity in range of 0～800 μmol·m-2·s-1,basically presenting a positive correlation,and light saturation points appeared at 1 500 μmol·m-2·s1.
Noon
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Comparison between diurnal variation of photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,the influencing factors of cultivars and wild species of Saxifrage leaves in the Xiangxi winter was analyzed by Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system.The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of Saxifrage showed a single peak in the winter,the net photosynthetic rate peaks of wild(14:30) was later than that of the cultivated species(13:00),and the average net photosynthetic rate of the wild species was significantly lower than that of cultivated species.Transpiration rate was not fully synchronized with net photosynthetic rate.The lowest value was at 10:00 by the air humidity.Correlation studies indicated that the photosynthetic active radiation and temperature were the major environmental factors to net photosynthetic rates.And the transpiration rate was affected by the humidity of the air.The internal physiological factors were non-stomatal factors that affected net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate.
Air humidity
Photosynthetically active radiation
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Plant photosynthesis,efficient of photochemistry and respiration were decreased under low phosphate condition,several bypasses of glycolytic were also induced. The influences of low phosphate stress on plant photosynthesis and respiration and its mechanism were reviewed in this paper.
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The Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system was used for the dynamic research of photosynthesis and transpiration rate of Amorpha fruticosa in July of 2008,and the effect of super absorbent polymers on the photosynthesis and transpiration was studied.The results indicated that the photosynthesis and transpiration rates of the plants growing in eight types of substrates displayed the similar diurnal change mode,i.e.,the two-peak pattern.The peak values of photosynthetic rate occurred at 10:00 and 16:00,and the lowest values appeared at 6:00 and 18:00 respectively.The first peak of transpiration rate occurred at 11:00,one hour late than the peak photosynthetic rate,but the second peak transpiration rate showed at 14:00,two hours ahead of the second peak photosynthetic rate.The results showed that different dosages of super absorbent polymer made the photosynthesis and transpiration rate of A.fruticosa displaying at three levels.Too much or too little of the polymer dosage all led negative effect on photosynthesis and transpiration of the plants.The experiment results showed that the 0.15%,0.20%,0.30% of the super absorbent polymer were the three appropriate dosages for the growth of A.fruticosa plants.
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