Ursolic acid inhibits the proliferation of human ovarian cancer stem-like cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can invade and metastasize by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, how they escape immune surveillance is unclear. B7H1 is crucial negative co-stimulatory molecule but little information about whether it works in CSCs. Therefore, we determined the expression of B7H1 and EMT-associated markers in colorectal cancer stem-like cells to investigate a possible immunoevasion way of CSCs. We enriched CD133+ colorectal cancer cells which manifested the CSCs-like properties such as higher levels of other stem cell markers Oct-4 and Sox-2, tumor sphere forming ability and more tumorigenic in NOD/SCID mice. These CD133+ cells possess EMT gene expression profile including higher level of Snail, Twist, vimentin, fibronectin and lower level of E-cadherin. Moreover, CD133+ cells in both cell line and colorectal cancer tissues expressed high level of negative co-stimulate molecule B7H1. Furthermore, some B7H1+ cancer cells also showed the characteristic of EMT, indicating EMT cells could escape immune attack during metastasis. B7H1 expression and EMT phenotypes on CSCs indicates a possible immunoevasion way.
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Ursolic acid is a pharmacologically active pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from medicinal plants, fruit, and vegetables. The pharmacological activities of ursolic acid have been extensively studied over the past few years and various reports have revealed that ursolic acid has multiple biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, etc. In terms of cancer treatment, ursolic acid interacts with a number of molecular targets that play an essential role in many cell signaling pathways. It suppresses transformation, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Although ursolic acid has many benefits, its therapeutic applications in clinical medicine are limited by its poor bioavailability and absorption. To overcome such disadvantages, researchers around the globe have designed and developed synthetic ursolic acid derivatives with enhanced therapeutic effects by structurally modifying the parent skeleton of ursolic acid. These structurally modified compounds display enhanced therapeutic effects when compared to ursolic acid. This present review summarizes various synthesized derivatives of ursolic acid with anti-cancer activity which were reported from 2015 to date.
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본 연구에서는 ursolic acid의 위의 보호효과를 위한 실험을 실시하였다. 위장 질병에 대한 ursolic acid의 효과를 확인하기 위해서 급성, 만성위염은 각각의 HCl·ethanol과 indomethacin에 의해 유도된 위염 동물 모델을 사용하여 관찰하였다. 대표적인 공격인자인 위산에 관해서는 PPI activity를 통해서 확인하였고, 위의 손상에 대한 보호인자에 관해서는, PGE2를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 항균활성 실험은 만성위염, 위궤양, 위암에 원인인자로 잘 알려진 H. pylori로 실험하였다. AGS cell를 이용하여 DAPI 염색, Flow cytometry assay를 통하여 ursolic acid가 위암세포의 apoptosis에 관여하는지를 확인하였다. 그 결과 ursolic acid 는 HCl·ethanol과 indomethacin에 의해 유도된 급성, 만성에 대한 위손상을 억제하였다. Ursolic acid는 위산분비의 마지막 단계인 위염분비효소인 proton pump를 억제시킴으 로써 산의 분비를 억제하였다. 그리고 ursolic acid는 위 점막의 보호인자인 PGE2의 농도가 증가함으로써 위 점막 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 ursolic acid는 공격인자인 H. pylori colonization을 억제하였다. DAPI를 이용한 핵 염색에서, 대조군과는 달리, 핵 형상의 변형과 함께 수축 된 세포 또는 염색질의 응축현상이 관찰되었다. Flow cytometry assay에서 ursolic acid에 의해 apoptosis가 증가하는 것을 확인 하였다. 이를 통하여 ursolic acid는 위 손상에 대한 방어 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.
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This paper reports preparation of four ursolic acid derivatives. Study on protective activity of ursolic acid on CCl4 hepatic damage indicated that the ursolic acid and derivatives at the doses of 60mg/kg significantly decreased the serum AST and ALT. The ursolic acid ethylic ester showed similar activity as that of ursolic acid against hepatic damage. Compared to ursolic acid, the ursolic acid diclofop ester demonstrated more potent protection on hepatic damage, even better than DGL.
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Ursolic acid
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IC50
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To optimze the conditions for the extraction of ursolic acid from Hedyotis diffusa.Willd,extraction was studied by single factor and orthogonal experiment guided by the recovery of ursolic acid.Results showed that the successive order of factors affecting extraction was extraction time extract times alcohol concentration solid-liquid ration.The optima conditions for extraction of ursolic acid were determined to be 95% alcohol at 85 ℃ in 1.5h for twice and solid to liquid ratio 1:8.
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188. The occurrence of ursolic acid in Escallonia tortuosa. Conversion of ursolic acid into α-amyrin
J. A. Goodson, J. Chem. Soc., 1938, 999 DOI: 10.1039/JR9380000999
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different treatment methods on extracting ursolic acid from Loquat Leaf with the aid of ultrasonic wave.METHODS After the precipitates obtained by the treatment of Loquat Leaf with different methods,ursolic acid is extracted by using ethanol as a medium under the ultrasonic wave.The content of ursolic acid is determined with HPLC method. RESULTS The content of ursolic acid in Loquat Leaf is above 0.9%.Some of ursolic acids remain in the precipitates after the different treatments.CONCLUSION Ursolic acid is almost indissoluble in water or oil;the effect of ethanol refluxing extraction is not satisfactory,even increase the extract cycle,the yield of ursolic acid will not enhance obviously;Ursolic acid in Loquat Leaf exists mainly in dissociative form.
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[Objective] To optimize the extracting conditions of ursolic acid from FRUCTUS CHAENOMELIS and determine its content,so as to provide scientific evidence for the development,application and quality control of ursolic acid.[Method] The extraction conditions of ursolic acid were optimized by orthogonal test,and content of ursolic acid was determined by HPLC.[Result] The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be: 30 min of extraction duration,25.0 ml of ethanol amount and extraction solvent of absolute ethanol.Under the optimum process,content of ursolic acid was 0.324%.When the concentration of ursolic acid ranged from 0.650 to 3.250 μg/ml,the relationship between ursolic acid concentration and peak area was good(r=0.999 1).Mean recovery rate of ursolic acid was 99.20% with RSD value of 0.30%.[Conclusion] The optimal extraction conditions were feasible,and the established HPLC method was simple,sensitive and accurate.This study provided scientific evidence for the development,application and quality control of ursolic acid.
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