Presentation: Comparing reasons for opting out inAustria, Denmark, Estonia and Norway
1
Citation
0
Reference
20
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
While the number of organic farms was rising rapidly in almost all European Countries since the beginning of the 1990s, some organic farmers were opting out of certified organic farming the later years. For farmers in Estonia and Denmark, unsatisfactory economic results were named as dominating reason for opting out. In Denmark these problems were mainly due to marketing problems. Other important reasons in Estonia were too much bureaucracy, difficulties to fit animal production to the regulations and difficulties in weed control. Difficult and changing regulations, getting stricter over time, were mentioned most frequently by Norwegian and Austrian farmers and also important for those in Denmark.Keywords:
Opting out
Norwegian
Organic production
Bureaucracy
Cite
The main goal of this essay is to provide an analysis of bibliometric indicators of the quality of science in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania during the last ten years.In 2001, Estonia with 404 scientific publications per million of population was clearly ahead of Latvia (166), and Lithuania (136).Since 1992, Estonian and Lithuanian scientists more than doubled the number of articles they published in journals indexed by the ISI Web of Knowledge.The number of articles from Latvia has increased only 10%, which is even less than the general increase of published articles in the world.Comparing expenditures on research and development, R&D, with the number of scientific publications of each country, the cost of one published article was lowest in Estonia and only a little higher in Latvia and Lithuania.The unrealistically low cost of scientific articles suggests that a considerable amount of "hidden money" is involved, not reflected in the official expenditures.According to the ISI Essential Science Indicators database, Estonian scientists produced the largest number of high-impact papers (4,429) and also received the largest number of articles citing them (22,274); the Latvian contribution was the most modest, 2,610 articles and 9,192 citations.Estonia was able to produce high-impact research in 20 research areas, Lithuania in 13, and Latvia in 11 areas.It is concluded that the inadequate amount of money and the ignorance of the political elite concerning the role of science in a modern society are the most pressing problems for the further development of science in all three Baltic states, and particularly in Latvia.
Independence
Cite
Citations (26)
In many European countries, marginal part-time, (solo-) self-employment and secondary jobs have been increasing since the last decades. The question about the provision of social protection and labour legislation for these types of employment is the starting point for a project entitled Hybrid working arrangements in Europe, directed by the WSI. Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Poland, Italy, Denmark and Austria comprise the group of countries selected in order to investigate hybrid work in the context of different welfare state regimes. The following paper by Mikkel Mailand and Trine P. Larsen is one of the seven country studies giving a detailed description about labour law regulations and the national insurance systems for self-employed, secondary jobs and marginal part-time employment.
Social Protection
Social insurance
Employment protection legislation
Cite
Citations (9)
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the main evolutions and the current situation of the 50‐74 year olds on the labour market in eight European countries (Denmark France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden, Poland and the UK). Design/methodology/approach Based on a cross‐country comparative approach, this overview draws on detailed analysis of the situation of older workers and public policies in each of the selected countries but also on a wide range of available studies and statistics on employment and welfare outcomes. Findings The eight selected countries display similarities: a u‐shaped pattern of employment rates of older workers (55‐64 years old) over the last 40 years, with an increase since the mid 1990s, the later exit of higher educated workers and the higher prevalence of non‐standard employment contracts among older workers. On the other hand, considerable disparities can be observed regarding the gender gap in employment rate, current employment rates, self‐employment and part‐time employment among older workers. Social implications Specific questions will be more acute with the effective postponement of retirement: increasing inequalities between groups of older workers, increasing uncertainty about the age of retirement, the way to keep lower educated workers in their jobs, sustainable working conditions, increasing risks of age discrimination, and impact of care of older relatives. Originality/value This paper offers a synthetic overview with a special attention paid to the main features of the countries’ exit patterns at the end of the working life, the prevailing public policies and the specificity of the different national employment and societal models.
Postponement
Eu countries
Working time
Cite
Citations (47)
From the theoretical aspects related to the vocational training of adults presented in the introductory part through the analysis of the specialty literature, the paper aims to answer two questions: How is vocational training activity regulated in the European Union documents? What is the current situation at EU level of adult participation in education and training? The answer to the first question contains aspects related to the way in which the vocational training activity is regulated under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, aspects regarding vocational training in the Europe 2020 Strategy as well as the analysis of some key actions brought forward by the Agenda for new skills and jobs initiative. To answer the second question, we have analysed the situation of adult participation in various forms of education and training at EU level in the light of the results of the Adult Education Survey (AES), which is part of EU statistics on lifelong learning. Thus, analyzing existing data, there are considerable differences in the level and trend of participation between Member States. The adult participation rate in the AES 2011 survey varies between 8% (Romania) and 71.8% (Sweden). These data are very little different from those of the AES 2007 survey in which Romania recorded 7.4% and Sweden 73.4%.The overall picture shows a high rate of participation in the Nordic countries and some Western European countries (Denmark, Germany, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Finland, Sweden and Norway) but also in some eastern and southeast countries Europe (Estonia, Cyprus, Hungary, Portugal and Slovakia). For seven countries (Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Spain, Austria, Poland, Portugal) there is an increase of over 10% in the participation rate as a result of comparing AES 2007 and AES 2011 data. The largest increase is recorded in Portugal, where the obligation for employers to provide vocational training for their own employees was introduced in internal regulations and implemented. Unfortunately, Romania is ranked last, both according to AES-2007 and the AES-2011 results.
Cite
Citations (0)
Quality turns in Nordic food: a comparative analysis of specialty food in Denmark, Norway and Sweden
This article compares the development of specialty food in Denmark, Norway and Sweden using a number of quantitative indicators as well as a qualitative analysis of government policy. The analysis shows that specialty food has increased in importance in all three countries over the last twenty years, but there are important differences in the kind of specialty food that has developed and the nature of government intervention and governance structures. Overall, Sweden appears to have the largest production of specialty food and drink and is particularly strong in organic production and consumption, farm processing and farm shops. Norway has a large number of products with protected origin and also leads in the number of farmers' markets. Denmark lags behind the other countries on most indicators, but has witnessed the fastest growth in microbreweries over the last five years. Theoretically, the article challenges the 'negative' definition of specialty food as 'non-industrial' or 'alternative', and suggests a more nuanced approach. Empirically, it points towards the possible existence of a 'Scandinavian model' of specialty food governance with extensive interaction between central government, local government and private firms to stimulate the growth of specialty food.
Specialty
Consumption
Cite
Citations (19)
The aim of report is to collect information about the implementation of the rules on organic seed use in different European countries and to identify political bottlenecks that might hamper this implementation. For this task, Bionext, FiBL-DE and IFOAM EU visited 10 selected countries during 2017-2018. The selection of the countries was based on three criteria (i) high number of yearly reported derogations, (ii) limited national availability of organic seed, and (iii) limited data available on the national organic seed market and actors involved. The selected countries, Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Spain, met at least two out of the three criteria.
Cite
Citations (0)
This book examines some of the economic, political and social issues facing the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark. Topics discussed in this compilation include Denmark's energy sector transition toward agro-biomass; Sweden's exchange-rate volatility trade with Germany; Norwegian quota reform in gender corporate representation; legislation, culture and development of quality child care in Denmark; ethnic relations and intercultural learning among Danish international workers; the J-curve effect in commodity trade between Sweden and Germany; and occupational safety in Finland.
Norwegian
Danish
Cite
Citations (1)
The labor market in the Nordic countries has adjusted to the general high educational standards of the population. Young people who, having just graduated from school, have neither the education necessary for employment, nor the work experience required by many employers become especially vulnerable. Accordingly, this article focuses on the socio-economic support measures for young people in the four Nordic countries: Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden. In these states, young people can focus on obtaining quality education that contributes to further productive and freely chosen employment. The state ensures their existence during admission to study and job searches. Young people can afford to choose the profession that really interests them. Thus, young people do not need to enroll in accessible (but not always interesting) specialties. Which is fully consistent with the objectives of the ILO Convention on the Promotion of Employment and Protection against Unemployment, 1988 (No. 168), i.e. to promote “full, productive and freely chosen employment by all appropriate measures, including social security”. Nevertheless, in order to receive support from the state, young people need to demonstrate active attempts to enter educational institutions and participate in programs of employment agencies. The authors analyze the logic and content of the youth vector of social policy in these countries and analyze specific measures of economic support for youth. The analysis is carried out on the basis of studying scientific literature, regulatory legal acts, statistical and reporting materials.
Promotion (chess)
Cite
Citations (0)
Abstract This paper analyses the roles of Denmark, Finland, and Sweden in the area of EU legislative decision-making. After reviewing the literature, a research design is presented which incorporates information on the policy preferences of these three political states for seventy recent EU legislative decisions. The findings of the analysis are that the positions of the Nordics are quite similar and that these three states are rather successful. Denmark is doing slightly worse than Finland and Sweden Sanneke Kuipers, Department of Public Administration, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. email: kuiperss@fsw.leidenuniv.nl Keywords: Decision-makingDenmarkEuropean UnionFinlandpolicy successSweden Notes Sanneke Kuipers, Department of Public Administration, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. email: kuiperss@fsw.leidenuniv.nl We would like to thank Bernard Steunenberg, Chris Achen, Javier Arregui, Frans Stokman, Robert Thomson, Mika Widgén, Antti Pajala, Vincent Boekhoorn, Ad Van Deemen, Madeleine Hosli, Thomas König, Sven-Oliver Proksch, Stefanie Bailer, and Gerald Schneider for research support. We thank Jeremy Richardson and the reviewers of this journal for helpful comments. Financial assistance by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) is gratefully acknowledged. See Garrett (Citation1992), König and Bräuninger (Citation2000), and Mattila and Lane (Citation2001). For an overview, see Hix (Citation1999: 269–77). This paper focuses on regulatory aspects but disregards financial redistribution. http://www.niwi.knaw.nl For a list of the proposals, see the Appendix. For a more extensive discussion of the rationale behind the use of expert interviews and of reliability issues, see Stokman and Thomson (Citation2004) and Thomson (Citation2003a, Citation2003b). Allas and Georgiades (Citation2001) outline a possible commercial applicability of the method. Unlike other official EU legislative documents such as the Commission proposal, reports by the European Parliament, the Council's common position, or the final legislative act, the minutes of the working groups are at present neither available on the Europa server nor published in the Official Journal of the European Communities. To acquire these minutes, researchers have to request them via the Council General Secretariat (Justus Lipsius Building, Rue de la Loi, 175, B-1048 Brussels, e-mail: access@consilium.eu.int). For this study, only four variables from the DEU data set have been used. We extracted the policy positions of Denmark, Finland, and Sweden from the data file, plus the position of the policy outcome, i.e. the resulting position after the negotiations had been terminated. Barry (Citation1980a, Citation1980b) distinguishes between power and luck which, taken together, constitute policy success. For an application of this conceptualization to the EU legislative process, see Selck and Steunenberg (Citation2004). Selck (Citation2004) tests a game-theoretic model of the EU legislative process under different dimensionality assumptions and finds that EU policy-making should be conceptualized as a multidimensional process. In the example given above, the data do already fit the 0–100 scale. We compute an actor A's policy success on an issue s as the absolute value of A's ideal position minus the outcome Y (s = |A–Y|). The cases which form the original input information for the dimension-reducing analysis are the 174 policy issues. The variables are the policy positions of Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, and the position of the status quo. For the analysis, we transposed the data matrix so that the cases became variables and vice versa. Analysing the data with the help of the dimension-reducing technique yielded no clear correlation between the first two factors and the policy sectors on the European level. The factoring might have been partly affected by the scaling level. While it was assumed that the policy issues are continuous, there are some examples in the data where the actors appear to be located on the extremes. This could be due to the fact that the particular decision situation was rather polarized. However, it might also be possible that some of the issues were not viewed as continuous by the actors but rather as dichotomous, i.e. they might be regarded as representing yes-or-no choices. Alternative dimension-reducing techniques and different rotation strategies produce similar results. See also Thomson et al. (Citation2004). A scree plot indicates a change of slope after the second factor score, which means that three factors would be needed to summarize the data reasonably well. However, all the eigenvalues are higher than 1 which casts doubt on the use of dimension-reducing techniques for the data set. Recall that the value could lie anywhere between − 1 and + 1. The empirical results prove stable if the average Euclidean distances on the proposal level rather than the average total distances on the issue level were calculated for the analysis at hand.
Redistribution
Cite
Citations (25)
Globalisation and other forces require to know about cultural differences and tounderstand them. Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden are countries with littlegeographical distance and partly long c ...
Danish
Cite
Citations (0)