Small-diameter Korean pines and their roles in natural Korean pine forest
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Natural forest
Origination
Tree canopy
Old-growth forest
Basal area
Pine forest
Stand development
The activities of soil peroxidase,acid phosphatase,catalase and invertase which are from pure artificial Korean pine forest,mixture plantation and natural forest were compared in his article.The results showed that the activity of soil catalase from natural forest and mixture plantation is higher than that from pure artificial korean pine forest;the activity of soil peroxidase from pure artificial korean pine forest is the highest.The differences of the activities of three types of soil invertase and acid phosphatase are not significant.We can see the trends that the activity of soil invertase is higher in mixture plantation,located in natural forest and lower in pure artificial Korean pine forest.The activity of soil acid phosphatase is higher in natural forest,lower in pure artificial Korean pine forest.
Pine forest
Natural forest
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Thinning
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Old-growth forest
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Prior to Euro-American colonization beginning in the late 1700s and subsequent periods of land conversion and intensive resource extraction, most forest on the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky would have existed in a state meeting one or more of the definitions of old-growth forest in use today. However, many recovering, mature forests currently exist that might be redeveloping old-growth structure and function. To assess the development of old-growth forest characteristics in second-growth forests, 70 - 90 year old (young) and 140 - 160 year old (old) hardwood forests in the Daniel Boone National Forest were examined for a suite of structural characteristics to discern patterns of structural and successional development. Old forest was distinguishable from young forest, having reached thresholds similar to old-growth for presence of large canopy trees, coarse woody debris volume and size distribution, multi-age distribution, age of oldest trees, and complex canopy structure. Both ages of forest met thresholds for total basal area and met some proposed thresholds for stem density. Neither age of forest met suggested minimum densities for old-growth for snags > 30 cm DBH, though old forest had almost three times that of young forest, and nearly approached values reported for old-growth forest. Young and old forest also exhibited different patterns in oak and maple dynamics. Understory maples and overstory oaks recruited synchronously in young forest during the 1920s and 1930s, while recruitment of both species in old forest was temporally more broadly distributed.
Old-growth forest
Understory
Basal area
Stand development
Secondary forest
Forest dynamics
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Abstract Old-growth forests have been noted for containing significant quantities of deadwood. However, there has been no coordinated effort to quantify the deadwood component of old-growth remnants across large regions of temperate deciduous forest. We present results of a regional inventory that quantifies and examines regional and temporal trends for deadwood in upland old-growth forest remnants within Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa. From 1992 to 1994, down wood ≥ 10 cm in diameter and standing trees ≥ 10 cm dbh were inventoried on 328 one-tenth ha plots at 12 sites. The mean ratio among the sites by diameter class of the number of standing dead to standing live trees (dead/live ratio) ranged from 0.08 to 0.11 and was consistent for trees ≤ 65 cm in diameter. The dead/live tree ratio was generally greater for old-growth than for mature second-growth forests (70 to 90 yr old). Mean volume of standing dead trees across all old-growth sites was 21.4 m³/ha and down wood was 60.4 m³/ha. However, both standing and down wood volume (total deadwood) increased along a regional gradient of increasing productivity from southwest Missouri to northeast Indiana and also increased with increasing age of dominant and codominant trees. Old-growth forests on high productivity sites averaged more pieces/ha of down wood in all diameter classes and higher volume/ha of down wood in nearly all diameter classes than did old-growth forests on low productivity sites. A chronosequence of forests from 10 yr to more than 200 yr since stand establishment indicated a sharply declining down wood volume from age 10 to 70 yr followed by increasing volume between 80 and 200 yr. For. Sci. 45(2):302-313.
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Coarse Woody Debris
Old-growth forest
Dead Wood
Dead tree
Stand development
Temperate rainforest
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Natural regeneration
Natural forest
Forest regeneration
Old-growth forest
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Thinning
Stand development
Basal area
Dead tree
Old-growth forest
Silviculture
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Natural forest
Natural regeneration
Forest steppe
Forest regeneration
Pine forest
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Forest structure
Old-growth forest
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Age structure
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After the investigation in the Masson pine natural forest and Masson pine-broadleave mixed forest, 6 diseases, 13 species of pest insects and 15 natural enemies are found. The result shows that the species of pest insects and diseases and the infestation rate are lower in experimental forest and that in mixed forests were lower than that in pure forests.
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Pine forest
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Research Highlights: Radial growth patterns of trees growing in old-growth boreal forests in eastern Canada can be grouped into a small number of simple patterns that are specific to different old-growth forest types or successional stages. Background and Objectives: Identifying the main radial growth trends in old-growth forests could help to develop silvicultural treatments that mimic the complex dynamics of old-growth forests. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the main radial growth patterns and determine how their frequencies change during forest succession in old-growth forests, focusing on boreal landscapes in eastern Canada. Materials and Methods: We used dendrochronological data sampled from 21 old-growth stands in the province of Quebec, Canada. Tree-ring chronologies were simplified into chronologies of equal length to retain only primary growth trends. We used k-means clustering to identify individual growth patterns and the difference in growth-pattern frequency within the studied stands. We then used non-parametric analyses of variance to compare tree or stand characteristics among the clusters. Results: We identified six different growth patterns corresponding to four old-growth forest types, from stands at the canopy breakup stage to true old-growth stands (i.e., when all the pioneer cohort had disappeared). Secondary disturbances of low or moderate severity drove these growth patterns. Overall, the growth patterns were relatively simple and could be generally separated into two main phases (e.g., a phase of limited radial increment size due to juvenile suppression and a phase of increased radial increment size following a growth release). Conclusions: The complexity of old-growth forest dynamics was observed mainly at the stand level, not at the tree level. The growth patterns observed in true old-growth forests were similar to those observed following partial or stem-selection cuts in boreal stands; thus, these silvicultural treatments may be effective in mimicking old-growth dynamics.
Old-growth forest
Stand development
Chronosequence
Forest dynamics
Secondary forest
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